CAN WE TAME STORMS? (UN)USEFULNESS OF PROTECTION AGAINST HAIL

Authors

  • Klemen Bergant Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor, Agencija RS za okolje, Ljubljana

Abstract

The ever recurring question related to hazardous meteorological phenomena ever since prehistory is whether they can be prevented or whether at least their consequences can be minimised. This also applies to hail storms and the desire to control them. Unfortunately all past attempts, whether praying to the gods, shooting with cannons and mortars or the adding of silver iodide with rockets, aircraft or ground-based generators to storm clouds, were not encouraging.

References

ARSO, 2004. Nekaj izhodišč Agencije RS za okolje o toči in obrambi pred njo. Spletne strani ARSO: http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/poročila in projekti/Toca_obramba_tisk.pdf.

ARSO, 2009. Stališče Agencije RS za okolje o ukrepih zoper točo in njene posledice. Spletne strani ARSO: http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/poročila in projekti/izjava_toca_20090608.pdf.

Chadwick, H. M., 1900. The Oak and the Thunder-God, Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 30, 22–44. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thunder_god.

Changon, S. A., Loreena Ivens, J., 1981. History Repeated: The Forgotten Hail Cannons of Europe. Bulletin American Meteorological Society, 62, 3, 368–375.

Chalon, J. P., 2009. Mnenje o obrambi pred točo, osebna komunikacija prek e-pošte, 10. 6. 2009.

Federer, B., Waldvogel, A., Schmid, W., Schiesser, H. H., Hampel, F., Schweingrubber, M., Stahel, W., Bader, J., Mezeix, J. F., D'Aubigny, G., DerMegredichian, G., Vento, D., 1986. Main Results of Grossversuch IV*, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 25, 917–957.

Hauptmann, A., 1907. O streljanju proti toči. Ponatis iz Narodnega lista, Zvezne tiskarne v Celju, str. 14.

Klemenčič, S., Žagar, M., Rozman, Č., Klemenčič- -Kosi, S., Strajnar, B., 2009. Analiza upravljanja s tveganjem zaradi toče z uporabo atmosferskih modelov in dreves odločanja. Kmetijsko gozdarski zavod Maribor, str. 84.

Knight, C. A., Foote, G. B., Summers, P. W., 1979. Results of RAndomized Hail Suppresion Experiment in Northeast Colorado Part IX: Overall Discussion and Summary in the Context of Physical Research. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 18, 1629–1639.

Magnus, O., 1555. Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus, tretja knjiga, vir slik: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historia_de_gentibus_septentrionalibus.

Morgan, G. M., 1972. On the Growth of Large Hail. Monthly Weather Review, 100, 3, 196–205.

Morgan, G. M., 1973. A General Description of the Hail Problem in the Po Valley of Northern Italy, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 12, 338–353.

MZOŠ, DHMZ, 2004. Završno izvješće o obrani od tuče: Mišljenje i izvješće o opravdanosti daljnjeg rada sustava obrane od tuče u republici Hrvatskoj, Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa i Državni hidrometeorološki zavod, Zagreb, prosinac 2004, str. 125.

NSA, 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. The National Academic Press, ISBN: 0-309-52699-X, 144 pages www.nap.edu/catalog/10829.html, www.nap.edu/books/0309090539/html/.

Pachatz, G. C., 2005. Analyse der Effizienz der Hagelabwehr in der Steiermark anhand von Fallbeispielen. Wegener Zentrum, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Nr.3-2005 http://www.uni-graz.at/igam7www_wvc-wissbernr3-gpachatz-okt2005.pdf.

Rakovec, J., Borko, M., Kranjc, A., Divjak, M., Gregorčič, B., Ivančič I., Kajfež - Bogataj, L., Mekinda, T., Rink, S., Zrnec, C., 1988. Obramba pred točo v SR Sloveniji: osnove, dosedanje izvajanje, uspešnost, bodoča dejavnost. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za naravoslovje in tehnologijo VTOZD Fizika: Hidrometeorološki zavod SR Slovenije, str. 197.

Roškar, J., 2004. Obramba pred točo v Sloveniji. Pol stoletja Slovenskega meteorološkega društva. Ljubljana: Slovensko meteorološko društvo, 175– 185.

SMD, 2009. Mnenje Slovenskega meteorološkega društva o obrambi pred točo http://www.meteodrustvo.si/data/upload/mnenje_SMD_o_OPT.pdf .

Svabik, O., 1989. Review of meteorological aspects on hail defense activities in Austria. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 40, 4, 247–254. 20. Svabik, O., 2006. Analysis of hail pad data, an accompanying investigation for operational hail defense companies in Austria. 6th European conference on Applied Climatology, Ljubljana. http://meetings.copernicus.org/www.cosis.net/abstracts/EMS2006/00189/EMS2006-A-00189. pdf.

Vonnegut, B., 1949. The Nucleation of Ice Formation by Silver Iodide. Journal of Applied Physics, 593– 595.

Wieringa, J. and I. Holleman, 2006. If cannons cannot fight hail, what else? Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15, 659–669.

WMO, 2007. WMO Statement on Weather Modification. CASMG2/Doc. 4.4.1, Appendix C http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/documents/WM_statement_guidelines_ approved.pdf.

Published

19-01-2024

Issue

Section

Pripravljenost na nesreče