SUŠA LETA 2020 V ALPSKEM PROSTORU
Povzetek
Leto 2020 lahko uvrstimo med čedalje pogostejša leta, ko so vročinski valovi in suša v Evropi zajeli tudi alpski prostor in povzročili veliko gospodarsko škodo. Izjemno topla in s snežnimi padavinami skromna zima v Evropi je bila ponekod v nižjih predelih alpskega prostora že zgodaj spomladi vzrok za začetek sušnih razmer, ki so se ob topli in suhi meteorološki pomladi še stopnjevale. Za poletje, predvsem julij in avgust, so bili značilni izrazit primanjkljaj padavin ter rekordne temperature zraka, sušne razmere pa so se dodatno poslabšale skoraj na celotnem območju Francije in Nemčije, tudi v pokrajinah, ki segajo v alpski prostor. Sušne razmere so se ponekod nadaljevale tudi v jesen, v Franciji so vztrajale vse do oktobra. Poleg izjemne kmetijske suše je v delu alpskega prostora vladala hidrološka suša, ki se je kazala z nizkimi vodostaji in gladinami podzemne vode. Da bi poenotili monitoring suše in zbiranje podatkov o posledicah ter poiskali pametne rešitve za upravljanje suše v alpskem prostoru, od leta 2019 poteka projekt Alpine Drought Observatory (ADO), katerega rezultati bodo dostopni leta 2022. Pomemben cilj projekta je tudi dvig ozaveščenosti prebivalcev alpskega prostora o suši, saj je tam v preteklosti ni bilo, v prihodnosti pa se bodo spoprijemali z njo vse pogosteje. V članku smo z različnimi sušnimi kazalniki analizirali meteorološko situacijo ob suši leta 2020 v Evropi, s poudarkom na alpskem prostoru. Predstavljene so lastnosti suš v alpskem prostoru v preteklosti in obeti za prihodnost. Obravnavani so tudi vplivi suše leta 2020 na različne gospodarske dejavnosti. Največji deleži posledic suše so bili zabeleženi v kmetijstvu (48 odstotkov) in pri oskrbi z vodo (23 odstotkov). Zaradi hidrološke suše so bile večje tudi posledice na vodnem prometu (17 odstotkov).
Literatura
Alpine Space Programme, 2021. Območje programa Alpe. https://www.alpine-space.eu/about/the-programme/which-area-is-covered, 5. 4. 2021.
Arso − Agencija RS za okolje, 2017. Ocena tveganja za sušo. Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor – Arso. http://www.meteo.si/uploads/probase/www/agromet/OT/Ocena_tveganja_Susa_DOPOLNJENA_PS.pdf, 23. 4. 2021.
Arso − Agencija RS za okolje, 2020. Naše okolje. Mesečni bilteni Arsa, letnik 2020. https://www.arso.gov.si/o%20agenciji/knji%C5%BEnica/mese%C4%8Dni%20bilten/bilten2020.htm.
Arso – Agencija RS za okolje, 2020. Report on existing monitoring platforms and potential data for the integration into ADO (ADO projekt). https://www.alpine-space.eu/projects/ado/d.t.1.1.2/dt1.1.2_regional-report_drought-monitoring.pdf.
Arso − Agencija RS za okolje, 2010. European State of the Environment Report: Alps. The Slovenian Alps tomorrow – extreme weather events and disappearing glaciers. Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor – Arso. https://www.arso.gov.si/en/soer/alps.html, 5. 4. 2021.
Bastos, A., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch S., Pongratz, J., Fan, L., Wigneron, J. P., Weber, U., Reichstein, M., Fu, Z., Anthoni, P., Arneth, A., Haverd, V., Jain, A. K., Joetzjer, E., Knauer, J., Lienert, S., Loughran, T., McGuire, P. C., Tian, H., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., 2020. Direct and Seasonal Legacy Effects of the 2018 Heatwave and Drought on European Ecosystem Productivity. Science Advances, 6, 1–13. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/6/24/eaba2724.full.pdf.
Blauhut, V., Stahl, K., Stagge, J. H., Tallaksen, L. M., de Stefano, L., Vogt, J., 2016. Estimating drought risk across Europe from reported drought impacts, drought indices, and vulnerability factors. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, 2779–2800. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2779-2016.
Calanca, P., 2007. Climate change and drought occurrence in the Alpine region: How severe are becoming the extremes? Global and Planetary Change 57, 151–160. http://www.aari.ru/docs/pub/070504/cal07.pdf.
Cammalleri C., Naumann G., Mentaschi L., Formetta G., Forzieri G., Gosling S., Bisselink B., De Roo, A., Feyen, L., 2020. Global warming and drought impacts in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/pesetaiv_task_7_drought_final_report.pdf.
Copernicus C3S, 2020a. Piecing together the puzzle of Europe’s parched spring. https://climate.copernicus.eu/piecing-together-puzzle-europes-parched-spring, 17. 6. 2020.
Copernicus C3S, 2020b. Climate bulletins, letnik 2020. https://climate.copernicus.eu/climate-bulletins.
Copernicus C3S, 2021. Copernicus: 2020 warmest year on record for Europe; globally, 2020 ties with 2016 for warmest year recorded. https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-2020-warmest-year-record-europe-globally-2020-ties-2016-warmest-year-recorded, 8. 1. 2021.
Eaufrance − Le service public d‘information sur l‘eau, 2020. Bulletins de situation hydrologique (2020). https://www.eaufrance.fr/publications/bsh.
EDO (JRC European Drought Observatory), 2020a. EDO Analytical Report. Drought in Europe – June 2020. https://edo.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/news/EDODroughtNews202006_Europe.pdf.
EDO (JRC European Drought Observatory), 2020b. EDO Analytical Report. Drought in Europe – September 2020. https://edo.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/news/EDODroughtNews202009_Europe.pdf.
Feyen L., Ciscar J. C., Gosling S., Ibarreta D., Soria A. (editors), 2020. Climate change impacts and adaptation in Europe. JRC PESETA IV final report. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC119178.
Flis, L., Jelen, M., Ribnikar, M., Štravs, L., 2018. Soočanje s sušami na območju Alp. 29. Mišičev vodarski dan 2018, Maribor, 172–177. http://www.mvd20.com/LETO2018/R22.pdf.
Geitner, C., Freppaz, M., Lesjak, J., Schaber, E., Stanchi, S., D‘Amico, M., Vrščaj, B., 2020. Ekosistemske storitve tal v Alpah: uvod v ekosistemske storitve tal za odločevalce. Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije. https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MOP/Dokumenti/Tla/Ekosistemske_storitve_tal_v_Alpah.pdf.
German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Working Group WR I 1, 2019. Climate change and the European water dimension – Enhancing resilience. Conference, 4.−5. november 2020. Background Paper. Bonn. https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Wasser_Abfall_Boden/Wasser/water_climatechange_background_paper_bf.pdf.
Haslinger, K., Holawe, F., and Blöschl, G., 2019. Spatial characteristics of precipitation shortfalls in the Greater Alpine Region—a data-based analysis from observations. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 136, 717–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2506-5.
Isotta, F. A., Frei, C., Weilguni, V., Perčec Tadić, M., Lassègues, P., Rudolf, B., Pavan, V., Cacciamani, C., Antolini, G., Ratto, S. M., Munari, M., Micheletti, S., Bonati, V., Lussana, C., Ronchi, C., Panettieri, E., Marigo, G., Vertacnik, G., 2014. The climate of daily precipitation in the Alps: development and analysis of a high-resolution grid dataset from pan-Alpine rain-gauge data. International Journal of Climatology 34/5, 1657–1675. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3794.
JRC (Joint Research Centre), 2020a. JRC MARS Bulletin, Crop monitoring in Europe, May 2020. European Commisison 28/5. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc-mars-bulletin-vol28-no5.pdf.
JRC (Joint Research Centre), 2020b. JRC MARS Bulletin, Crop monitoring in Europe, July 2020. European Commisison 28/7. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc-mars-bulletin-vol28-no7.pdf.
JRC (Joint Research Centre), 2020c. JRC MARS Bulletin, Crop monitoring in Europe, August 2020. European Commisison 28/8. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc-mars-bulletin-vol28-no8.pdf.
JRC (Joint Research Centre), 2020d. JRC MARS Bulletin, Crop monitoring in Europe, October 2020. European Commisison 28/10. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc-mars-bulletin-vol28-no10.pdf.
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany, 2018. Revision and Update of the Danube Study, Final Report. https://www.icpdr.org/main/sites/default/files/nodes/documents/danube_climate_adaptation_study_2018.pdf.
Mastrotheodoros, T., Pappas, C., Molnar, P., Burlandon, P., Szeles, B., Bottazzi, M., Hadjidoukas, P., Fatichi, S., 2020. More green and less blue water in the Alps during warmer summers. Nature Climate Change 10, 155−161. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0676-5.
NASA EO (NASA Earth Observatory), 2020. Signs of Drought in European Groundwater. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146888/signs-of-drought-in-european-groundwater.
Propluvia, La consultation des arretes de restriction d’eau. http://propluvia.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/propluvia/faces/index.jsp, 14. 4. 2021.
Rosbakh, S., Leingärtner, A., Hoiss, B., Krauss, J., Steffan-Dewenter, I,. Poschlod, P., 2017. Contrasting Effects of Extreme Drought and Snowmelt Patterns on Mountain Plants along an Elevation Gradient. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 1−17. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01478/full.
Sharif, H., 2020. Climate change induced Drought Paradox threatens water availability in the Alps. Yale Environment Review. https://environment-review.yale.edu/climate-change-induced-drought-paradox-threatens-water-availability-alps.
Spinoni, J., Naumann, G., Vogt, J., Barbosa, P., 2016. Meteorological Droughts in Europe: Events and Impacts – Past Trends and Future Projections. Publications Office of the European Union, JRC, Luxembourg. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC100394.
Stahl, K., Blauhut, V., Kohn, I., Acácio, V., Assimacopoulos, D., Bifulco, C., De Stefano, D., Dias, S., Eilertz, D:, Frielingsdorf, B., Jahr Hegdahl, T., Kampragou, E, Kourentzis, V., Melsen L., van Lanen, H. A. J., van Loon, A. F., Massarutto, A., Musolino, D., Paoli, L., Senn, L., Stagge, J. H., Tallaksen, L. M., Urquijo, J., 2012, 3. A European Drought Impact Report Inventory (EDII): Design and Test for Selected Recent Droughts in Europe. Technical Report. No. 3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331918098_A_European_Drought_Impact_Report_Inventory_EDII_Design_and_Test_for_Selected_Recent_Droughts_in_Europe.
Stahl, K., Kohn, I., Blauhut, V., Urquijo, J., De Stefano, L., Acácio, V., Dias, S., Stagge, J. H., Tallaksen, L. M., Kampragou, E., van Loon, A. F., Barker, L. J., Melsen, L. A., Bifulco, C., Musolino, D., de Carli, A., Massarutto, A., Assimacopoulos, D., and van Lanen, H. A. J., 2016. Impacts of European drought events: insights from an international database of text-based reports, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, 801–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-801-2016.
Stephan, R., Erfurt, M., Terzi, S., Žun, M., Kristan, B., Haslinger, K., and Stahl, K, 2021. An Alpine Drought Impact Inventory to explore past droughts in a mountain region, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], in review. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-24.
Sušnik, A., Gregorič, G., 2017. Kmetijska suša v 21. stoletju v Sloveniji. 28. Mišičev vodarski dan 2017, Maribor, 37−44. http://www.mvd20.com/LETO2017/R5.pdf.
UNDRR, 2019. Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://gar.undrr.org/chapters/chapter-6-special-section-drought.
Viviroli, D., Dürr, H. H., Messerli, B., Meybeck, M., and Weingartner, R., 2007. Mountains of the world, water towers for humanity: Typology, mapping, and global significance, Water Resources Research, 43/ 6, 1−13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005653.
Wilhite, D. A., Vanyarkho, O. V., 2000. Drought: Pervasive impacts of a creeping phenomenon. Drought Mitigation Center Faculty Publications, University of Nebrasca Lincoln. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/droughtfacpub/71.
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Številka
Rubrike
Licenca
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Nekomercialno-Brez predelav 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Članki so na voljo javnosti pod licenco Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Nekomercialno-Brez predelav 4.0 Mednarodna (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
