Analysis of visual elements of leisure attractiveness of Slovenian landscapes // Analiza vidnih elementov prostočasne privlačnosti slovenskih pokrajin

Authors

  • Dejan Cigale University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Geography, Aškerčeva cesta 2, SI – 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3986/GV93202

Keywords:

landscape diversity, landscape attractiveness, landscape hotspots, naturalness, recreation, Slovenia, //, pokrajinska raznolikost, pokrajinska privlačnost, pokrajinske vroče točke, naravnost, rekreacija, Slovenija

Abstract

This paper discusses the attractiveness of the Slovenian landscape as a leisure space. It focuses in particular on relationship of attractiveness with landscape diversity and naturalness. As a starting point, the study of Perko et al. (2017) was used in which the authors identified the most and the least diverse Slovenian areas, i.e. landscape hotpots and coldspots. An online survey was conducted using photographs taken in selected hotspots and coldspots. Respondents were asked to rate the attractiveness of the landscapes shown in the photographs as destinations for a leisure trip. The attractiveness of the landscapes did not differ depending on whether they were in a hotspot or coldspot. On the other hand, the results clearly indicate the higher attractiveness of landscapes in which relatively natural landscape elements predominate. //

 

Prispevek obravnava privlačnost slovenske pokrajine kot prostočasnega prostora. Posebej se osredotoča na povezavo privlačnosti s pokrajinsko raznolikostjo in naravnostjo. Kot izhodišče je bila uporabljena raziskava Perka in sodelavcev (2017), v kateri so avtorji določili najbolj in najmanj raznolika območja Slovenije, tj. pokrajinske vroče in mrzle točke. Izvedena je bila spletna anketna raziskava, v kateri so bile uporabljene fotografije, posnete v izbranih vročih in mrzlih točkah. Anketiranci so bili naprošeni, da ocenijo privlačnost pokrajin na fotografijah kot ciljev izletov. Privlačnost pokrajin se ni razlikovala glede na njihovo lego znotraj vročih ali mrzlih točk. Na drugi strani rezultati jasno kažejo večjo privlačnost pokrajin, v katerih prevladujejo razmeroma naravni pokrajinski elementi.

References

Arriaza, M., Cañas-Ortega, J. F., Cañas-Madueño, J. A., Ruiz-Aviles, P. 2004: Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 69-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.029

Bain, C., Fallon, S. 2016: Slovenia. Carlton (Victoria), Oakland (California), London.

Bousfield, J., Stewart, J. A. 2017: Slovenia (Eyewitness Travel Guides). London.

Brämer, R. 2009: Profilstudie Wandern '08: 1. Basismodul "Wer wandert warum?". Internet: https://www.wanderforschung.de/files/prostu0811249833531.pdf (16. 2. 2021).

Broekel, T., Alfken, C. 2015: Gone with the wind? The impact of wind turbines on tourism demand. Energy Policy 86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.08.005

Buijs, A. E., Elands, B. H. M., Langers, F. 2009: No wilderness for immigrants: Cultural differences in images of nature and landscape preferences. Landscape and Urban Planning 91-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.12.003.

Bujosa Bestard, A., Riera Font, A. 2009: Environmental diversity in recreational choice modelling. Ecological Economics 68-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.016

Carr, N. 2002: The tourism–leisure behavioural continuum. Annals of Tourism Research 29-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00002-6

Cigale, D. 2015: Prostočasna potovanja in slovensko prebivalstvo. E-GeograFF 8. Ljubljana.

Cigale, D., Gosar, A. 2017: Geography of tourism in Slovenia. The Geography of Tourism of Central and Eastern European Countries. Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42205-3_12

Ciglič, R., Perko, D. 2013: Europe's landscape hotspots. Acta geographica Slovenica 53-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS53106

Dakin, S. 2003: There’s more to landscape than meets the eye: Towards inclusive landscape assessment in resource and environmental management. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien 47-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-0064.t01-1-00003

Daniel, T. C., Meitner, M. M. 2001: Representational validity of landscape visualizations: The effects of graphical realism on perceived scenic beauty of forest vistas. Journal of Environmental Psychology 21-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2000.0182

de Vries, S., Buijs, A. E., Langers, F., Farjon, H., van Hinsberg, A., Sijtsma, F. J. 2013: Measuring the attractiveness of Dutch landscapes: Identifying national hotspots of highly valued places using Google Maps. Applied Geography 45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.09.017

Deghati Najd, M., Ismail, N. A., Maulan, S., Mohd Yunos, M. Y., Dabbagh Niya, M. 2015: Visual preference dimensions of historic urban areas: The determinants for urban heritage conservation. Habitat International 49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.05.003

Delgado Martínez, A. M., Pantoja Timarán, F. 2016: Valoración del paisaje en una propuesta de turismo sostenible: la “Ruta del Oro”, Nariño (Colombia). Cuadernos de Geografía - Revista Colombiana de Geografía 25-1. DOI: doi.org/10.15446/rcdg.v25n1.50157

Dirin, D. A., Popov, E. C. 2010: Ocenka pejzažno-èstetičeskoj privlekatel’nosti landšaftov: metodologičeskij obzor. Izvestija Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 3.

Dramstad, W. E., Sundli Tveit, M., Fjellstad, W. J., Fry, G. L. A. 2006: Relationships between visual landscape preferences and map-based indicators of landscape structure. Landscape and Urban Planning 78-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.12.006

Fraiz, J. A., de Carlos, P., Araújo, N. 2020: Disclosing homogeneity within heterogeneity: A segmentation of Spanish active tourism based on motivational pull factors. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100294

Fyhri, A., Jacobsen, J. K. S., Tømmervik, H. 2009: Tourists’ landscape perceptions and preferences in a Scandinavian coastal region. Landscape and Urban Planning 91-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.01.002

Gallardo, D., Bernaldez, F. G., Ruiz, J. P., Abello, R. P. 1989: Paysages préférés: divergence des jeunes en Espagne. Espace géographique 18-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/spgeo.1989.2824

García Pérez, J. D. 2002: Ascertaining landscape perceptions and preferences with pair-wise photographs: Planning rural tourism in Extremadura, Spain. Landscape Research 27-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390220149539

Grêt-Regamey, A., Bishop, I. D., Bebi, P. 2007: Predicting the scenic beauty value of mapped landscape changes in a mountainous region through the use of GIS. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/b32051

Hammit, W. E., Patterson, M. E., Noe, F. P. 1994: Identifying and predicting visual preference of southern Appalachian forest recreation vistas. Landscape and Urban Planning 29, 1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(94)90026-4

Han, K.-T. 2007: Responses to six major terrestrial biomes in terms of scenic beauty, preference, and restorativeness. Environment and Behavior 39-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506292016

Höchtl, F., Lehringer, S., Konold, W. 2005: “Wilderness”: What it means when it becomes a reality–a case study from the Southwestern Alps. Landscape and Urban Planning 70, 1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.006

Hunziker, M. 1992: Tourismusbedingte Landschaftsveränderungen im Urteil der Touristen. Geographica Helvetica 47-4.

Hunziker, M. 1995: The spontaneous reafforestation in abandoned agricultural lands: perception and aesthetical assessment by locals and tourists. Landscape and Urban Planning 31, 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(95)93251-j

Hunziker, M., Felber, P., Gehring, K., Buchecker, M., Bauer, N., Kienast, F. 2008. Evaluation of landscape change by different social groups. Results of two empirical studies in Switzerland. Mountain Research and Development 28-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.0952

Hunziker, M., Kienast, F. 1999: Potential impacts of changing agricultural activities on scenic beauty–a prototypical technique for automated rapid assessment. Landscape Ecology 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008079715913

Jacob, G. R., Schreyer, R. 1980: Conflict in outdoor recreation: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Leisure Research 12-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969462

Jacobsen, J. K. S. 2007: Use of landscape perception methods in tourism studies. Tourism Geographies 9-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680701422871

Jeršič, M. 1971. Izletniška rekreacija mestnega prebivalstva in njeni prostorski učinki. Geographica Slovenica 1.

Jeršič, M. 1985: Turistična geografija. Ljubljana.

Jeršič, M. 1995: Bližnja rekreacija prebivalcev mesta Ljubljane. Dela 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4312/dela.11.151-168

Jeršič, M. 1998: Bližnja rekreacija prebivalcev Slovenije. Geographica Slovenica 29.

Jeršič, M. 1999: Prostorsko planiranje rekreacije na prostem. Ljubljana.

Junge, X., Schüpbach, B., Walter, T., Schmid, B., Lindemann-Matthies, P. 2015. Aesthetic quality of agricultural landscape elements in different seasonal stages in Switzerland. Landscape and Urban Planning 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.09.010

Koderman, M., Opačić, V. T., Marković Vukadin, I. 2020: Tourism development and green horizons in protected areas of Croatia and Slovenia: synthesis and perspectives. Challenges of Tourism Development in Protected Areas of Croatia and Slovenia. Koper, Zagreb.

Le Floch, S. 1996: Bilan des définitions et méthodes d'évaluation du paysage. Ingénieries eau-agriculture-territoires 5.

Lindemann-Matthies, P., Briegel, R., Schüpbach, B., Junge, X. 2010: Aesthetic preference for a Swiss Alpine landscape: The impact of different agricultural land-use with different biodiversity. Landscape and Urban Planning 98-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.015

Lothian, A. 1999: Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: Is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder? Landscape and Urban Planning 44-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(99)00019-5

MacKay, K. J., Fesenmaier, D. R. 1997: Pictorial element of destination in image formation. Annals of Tourism Research 21-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00011-x

Moeller, G. H., MacLachlan, R., Morrison, D. A. 1974: Measuring perception of elements in outdoor environments. Research Paper NE-289. Upper Darby. Internet: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/15394 (16. 3. 2021).

Mohd Taher, S. H., Jamal, S. A., Sumarjan, N., Aminudin, N. 2015: Examining the structural relations among hikers’ assessment of pull-factors, satisfaction and revisit intentions: The case of mountain tourism in Malaysia. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.11.012

Muhar, A., Schauppenlehner, T., Brandenburg, C., Arnberger, A. 2007: Alpine summer tourism: the mountaineers’ perspective and consequences for tourism strategies in Austria. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 81, 1-2.

Mutanga, C. N., Vengesayi, S., Chikuta, O., Muboko, N., Gandiwa, E. 2017: Travel motivation and tourist satisfaction with wildlife tourism experiences in Gonarezhou and Matusadona National Parks, Zimbabwe. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2017.08.001

Noe, F. P. 1988: Effects of recreational and environmental values on tourists' scenic preferences. Visual preferences of travelers along the Blue Ridge parkway. Washington, D. C. Internet: http://npshistory.com/series/science/18/index.htm (18. 3. 2021).

Nolte, B. 2004. Landschaftsbewertung für Tourismus und Freizeit: Fallstudie Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Geographie der Freizeit und des Tourismus: Bilanz und Ausblick. München, Wien.

Pastorella, F., Giacovelli, G., De Meo, I., Paletto, A. 2017: People’s preferences for Alpine forest landscapes: results of an internet-based survey. Journal of Forest Research 22-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2017.1279708

Perko, D., Ciglič, R. 2020: Slovenia’s Landscapes. The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse. Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14066-3_14

Perko, D., Ciglič, R., Zorn, M. 2020: Slovenia: A European landscape hotspot. The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse. Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14066-3_1

Perko, D., Hrvatin, M., Ciglič, R. 2017: Determination of landscape hotspots of Slovenia. Acta geographica Slovenica 57-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/ags.4618

Pires, P. S. 2011: Marco teórico-metodológico de los estudios del paisaje. Perspectivas de aplicación en la planificación del turismo. Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo 20-3.

Polat, A. T., Akay, A. 2015: Relationships between the visual preferences of urban recreation area users and various landscape design elements. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 14-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.05.009

Pomfret, G., Bramwell, B. 2016: The characteristics and motivational decisions of outdoor adventure tourists: A review and analysis. Current Issues in Tourism 19-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.925430

Pori, M., Sila, B. 2010: S katerimi športnorekreativnimi dejavnostmi se Slovenci najraje ukvarjamo? Šport: revija za teoretična in praktična vprašanja športa 58, 1-2.

Sæþórsdóttir, A. D., Ólafsdóttir, R. 2020: Not in my back yard or not on my playground: Residents and tourists’ attitudes towards wind turbines in icelandic landscapes. Energy for Sustainable Development 54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.11.004

Sancho Royo, F. 1973. Análisis de respuestas subjetivas al paisaje natural: establecimiento de un test de alternativas y tratamiento factorial de los datos. Doctoral thesis, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla.

Schirpke, U., Hölzler, S., Leitinger, G., Bacher, M., Tappeiner, U., Tasser, E. 2013: Can we model the scenic beauty of an Alpine Landscape? Sustainability 5-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su5031080

Schirpke, U., Tappeiner, G., Tasser, E., Tappeiner, U. 2019: Using conjoint analysis to gain deeper insights into aesthetic landscape preferences. Ecological Indicators 96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.09.001

Schüpbach, B., Zgraggen, K., Szerencsits, E. 2008: Incentives for low-input land-use types and their influence on the attractiveness of landscapes. Journal of Environmental Management 89-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.060

Smrekar, A., Polajnar Horvat, K., Erhartič, B. 2016: The beauty of landforms. Acta geographica Slovenica 56-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/ags.3039

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: Population. Ljubljana, 2020a. Internet: https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStat/en/Podrocja/Index/100/population (16. 3. 2021).

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: Tourism. Ljubljana, 2020b. Internet: https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStat/en/Podrocja/Index/155/tourism (16. 3. 2021).

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: Foreign tourists in Slovenia. Ljubljana, 2021. Internet: https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatData/pxweb/en/Data/-/2176615S.px/ (9. 10. 2021).

Strategija trajnostne rasti slovenskega turizma 2017–2021. Ministrstvo za gospodarski razvoj in tehnologijo. Ljubljana, 2017.

Svobodova, K., Sklenicka, P., Molnarova, K., Salek, M. 2012: Visual preferences for physical attributes of mining and post-mining landscapes with respect to the sociodemographic characteristics of respondents. Ecological Engineering 43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.08.007

Šilc, U., Vreš, B., Čelik, T., Gregorič, M. 2019: Biodiversity of Slovenia. The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse. Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14066-3_7

Tveit, M., Ode, Å., Fry, G. 2006: Key concepts in a framework for analysing visual landscape character. Landscape Research 31-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390600783269

Tyrväinen, L., Uusitalo, M., Silvennoinen, H., Hasu, E. 2014: Towards sustainable growth in nature-based tourism destinations: Clients’ views of land use options in Finnish Lapland. Landscape and Urban Planning 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.10.003

Van den Berg, A. E., Koole, S. L. 2006: New wilderness in the Netherlands: An investigation of visual preferences for nature development landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 78-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.11.006

Vanderheyden, V., Van der Horst, D., Van Rompaey, A., Schmitz, S. 2014: Perceiving the ordinary: A study of everyday landscapes in Belgium. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie 105-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12066

Vouligny, É., Domon, G., Ruiz, J. 2009: An assessment of ordinary landscapes by an expert and by its residents: Landscape values in areas of intensive agricultural use. Land Use Policy 26-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.10.016

Wu, Y., Bishop, I., Hossain, H., Sposito, V. 2006: Using GIS in landscape visual quality assessment. Applied GIS 2-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2104/ag060018

Yang, B.-E., Brown, T. J. 1992: A Cross-cultural comparison of preferences for landscape styles and landscape elements. Environment and Behavior 24-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916592244003

Zubelzu, S., del Campo, C. 2014: Assessment method for agricultural landscapes through the objective quantification of aesthetic attributes. International Journal of Environmental Research 8-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2014.817

Downloads

Published

2021-12-31

Issue

Section

Articles/članki