Methodological challenges in the research on second homes: lessons learned from the Alpine region, Slovenia and the Municipality of Kranjska Gora
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/GV95202Keywords:
second homes, research methodology, research challenges, data quality, Municipality of Kranjska Gora, Slovenia, Alpine Region, //, sekundarna počitniška bivališča, raziskovalna metodologija, raziskovalni izzivi, kakovost podatkov, Občina Kranjska Gora, AlpeAbstract
The article examines selected methodological challenges in research on second homes, putting into perspective the transnational, national and local levels, with the cases of the Alpine region, Slovenia and the Municipality of Kranjska Gora. The heterogeneity of residential patterns, the dynamic of housing development and the disparities in the terminology limit comparisons at international level. National data on second homes in Slovenia are put in focus of a critical evaluation, as they surprisingly show a decreasing trend in the last two decades, and were recently abolished as a statistical category. The article also discusses the differences of official databases of second homes in the Municipality of Kranjska Gora and addresses potential suggestions for improvement of their quality.
Metodološki izzivi pri preučevanju sekundarnih počitniških bivališč: izkušnje iz alpske regije, Slovenije in Občine Kranjska Gora
V članku smo preučili izbrane metodološke izzive pri preučevanju sekundarnih počitniških bivališč, pri čemer smo se na primerih alpskega prostora, Slovenije in Občine Kranjska Gora osredinili na problematiko z mednarodne, državne in lokalne ravni. Raznoterost bivalnih vzorcev, dinamika stanovanjskega razvoja in razlike v terminologiji omejujejo natančne primerjave pojava na mednarodni ravni. Kritično so ovrednoteni državni podatki o sekundarnih počitniških bivališčih v Sloveniji, saj v zadnjih dveh desetletjih presenetljivo izkazujejo trend zmanjševanja, pred kratkim pa so bili ukinjeni kot statistična kategorija. Članek obravnava tudi razlike med uradnima zbirkama podatkov o počitniških bivališčih na območju Občine Kranjska Gora in razpravlja o možnih predlogih za izboljšanje njihove kakovosti.
References
Agenzia delle Entrate: Guida per l'acquisto della casa: le imposte e le agevolazioni fiscali. Roma, 2023. Internet: https://www.agenziaentrate.gov.it/portale/documents/20143/233439/Guida_acquisto__Casa_ imposte_e_agevolazioni.pdf/de1df915-6e49-35cf-7168-c09da6ba0db5 (27. 9. 2023).
Alpine Convention 2020: Perimeter of the Alpine Convention 2020. Internet: https://www.atlas.alpconv.org/layers/geonode_data:geonode:Alpine_Convention_Perimeter_2018_v2 (27. 9. 2023).
Back, A. 2020: Footprints of an invisible population: second-home tourism and its heterogeneous impacts on municipal planning and housing markets in Sweden. Ph.D. Thesis, Umeå University. Umeä.
Bausch, T. 2017: Why demography forecasts fail in tourism areas: A spatial demographic mapping of a small alpine village. Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 9-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2017-9-1-45-54
Blondy, C., Vacher L., Vye D. 2016: Les résidents secondaires, des acteurs essentiels dessystèmes touristiques littoraux français? Territoire en mouvement Revue de géographie etaménagement 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/tem.3344
Bole, D. 2008: Ekonomska preobrazba slovenskih mest. Geografija Slovenije 19. Ljubljana. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/9789612545444
Borsdorf, A. 2014: Second homes in Tyrol: Growth despite regulation. Journal of Alpine Research 102-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.2262
Brennen, A., Miller, N., Pappu, R., Pernika, K., Porter, L. 2017: Visualizing Uncertainty in Human Geography Data: IQT Mission Challenge. Internet: https://www.iqt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Uncertainty-Report_PUBLIC.pdf (27. 9. 2023).
Carrosio, G., Magnani, N., Osti, G. 2019: A mild rural gentrification driven by tourism and second homes: Cases from Italy. Sociologia urbana e rurale 119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3280/SUR2019-119003
Casado‐Diaz, M. A. 1999: Socio‐demographic impacts of residential tourism: A case study of Torrevieja, Spain. International Journal of Tourism Research 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-1970(199907/08)1:4<223::AID-JTR153>3.0.CO;2-A
Censimento Popolazione Abitazioni. Alloggi. Abitazioni occupate da persone residenti. Abitazioni non occupate da persone residenti 2011. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Roma, 2011. Internet: http://dati-censimentopopolazione.istat.it/Index.aspx?lang=it&SubSessionId=c3813463-9ff8-42f8-8c7a-0760862de603&themetreeid=16 (27. 9. 2023).
Censimento Popolazione Abitazioni. Alloggi. Abitazioni occupate da persone residenti. Abitazioni non occupate da persone residenti 2021. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica Roma, 2021. Internet: http://dati-censimentipermanenti.istat.it/?lang=it&SubSessionId=f0210256-9cff-4801-948a-a3b0bc2f27a6 (27. 9. 2023).
Code général des impôts de la République Française 2023. Section III Taxe d’habitation. Locaux imposables. Article 1407. Modifié par Loi n°2019-1479 du 28 décembre 2019-art. 16(M). Internet: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000041464837 (10. 10. 2023).
Coppock, J. T. 1977: Second Homes: Curse or Blessing. Oxford.
Cretton, V., Boscoboinik, A., Friedli, A. 2020: À l’aise, ici et ailleurs. Mobilités multirésidentielles en zone de montagne: le cas de Verbier en Suisse. Anthropologie et Sociétés 44-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1075681ar
Czarnecki, A., Frenkel, I. 2015: Counting the invisible: Second homes in Polish statistical data collections. Journal of Policy Research 7-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2014.935784
Delorme, F. 2014: Du village-station à la station-village. Un siècle d’urbanisme en montagne. In Situ Revue des patrimoines 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/insitu.11243
Duchêne-Lacroix, C., Hilti, N., Schad, H. 2013: L’habiter multi-local: discussion d’un concept émergent et aperçu de sa traduction empirique en Suisse. Revue Quetelet 1-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14428/rqj2013.01.01.05
Elmi, M., Perlik, M. 2014: From tourism to multilocal residence? Unequal transformation processes in the Dolomites area. Journal of Alpine Research 102-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.2608
ESRI Shaded Relief 2019. Internet: https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Shaded_Relief/MapServer/tile/%7Bz%7D/%7By%7D/%7Bx%7D (24. 10. 2023).
Eurostat NUTS3 2013. European Commission. Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/de/web/gisco/geodata/reference-data/administrative-units-statistical-units/nuts (24. 10. 2023).
Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications DETEC 2012: Fiche d’information sur l’initiative Populaire “Pour en finir avec les constructions envhaissantes de résidences secondaires.”. Internet: https://www.uvek.admin.ch/uvek/fr/home/detec/votations/initiative-sur-les-residences-secondaires/documentation.html (10. 10. 2023).
Federal Office for Spatial Development of Switzerland: Résidences secondaires. Guide pour la planification directrice cantonale. Ittigen, 2010. Internet: https://www.are.admin.ch/are/fr/home/developpement-et-amenagement-du-territoire/droit-de-l_amenagement-du-territoire/residences-secondaires.html (10. 10. 2023).
Federal Statistical Office of Switzerland 2023: Dénombrement des logements vacants. Internet: https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/construction-logement/logements/logements-vacants.html (10. 10. 2023).
Gallent, N., Tewdwr-Jones, M. 2000: Rural Second Homes in Europe: Examining Housing Supply and Planning Control. London.
Gerber, J. D., Tanner, M. B. 2018: The role of Alpine development regimes in the development of second homes: Preliminary lessons from Switzerland. Land Use Policy 77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.017
German Federal Act on Registration of 3 May 2013: "Bundesmeldegesetz vom 3. Mai 2013 (BGBl. I S. 1084), das zuletzt durch Artikel 22 des Gesetzes vom 19. Dezember 2022 (BGBl. I S. 2606) geändert worden ist" § 21 Mehrere Wohnungen. Internet: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bmg/BJNR108410013.html (10. 10. 2023).
Ghorbanpour, M., Kheyroddin, R., Daneshpour, S. A. 2023: Providing a flexible conceptual framework to define “second home”: A systematic review. Journal of Research and Rural Planning. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22067/jrrp.2023.82591.1080
Gosar, A. 1987: Učinki počitniških bivališč na preobrazbo slovenske kulturne pokrajine. Geographica Slovenica 18. Ljubljana.
Gosar, A. 1989: Second homes in the alpine region of Yugoslavia. Mountain Research and Development 9-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3673479
Guizzardi, A. 2005: A methodology for the measure of secondary homes tourist flows at municipal level. Statistica 65-2. DOI:10.6092/issn.1973-2201/86
GURS 2022: Občinska meja. Internet: https://www.e-prostor.gov.si/ (1. 3. 2023).
Hall, C. M., Müller, D. K. 2004: Tourism, Mobility and Second Homes: Between Elite Landscape and Common Ground. Clevedon.
INSEE 2020: Retour partiel des mouvements de population avec le déconfinement. INSEE Analyses 54.
Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques 2021: Définitions. Internet: https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/definition/c1634 (10. 10. 2023).
Inventaire des logements et proportion de résidences secondaires 2017. Office Fédéral du Développement Territorial. Ittigen, 2017. Internet: https://www.are.admin.ch/inventaire-logements#381345584 (10. 10. 2023).
Inventaire des logements et proportion de résidences secondaires 2023. Office Fédéral du Développement Territorial. Ittigen, 2023. Internet: https://www.are.admin.ch/inventaire-logements#381345584 (10. 10. 2023).
Istituto Nazionale di Statistica: Glossario. Roma, 2021. Internet: https://www.istat.it/it/metodi-e-strumenti/glossario (10. 10. 2023).
Jelen, I., Džajić Uršič, E., Beismann, M., Čede, P., Steinicke, E. 2022: Zapuščena naselja v gorskih območjih Furlanije - Julijske krajine: možnosti okrevanja Železne doline. Geografski vestnik 94-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/GV94206
Jeršič, M. 1968: Sekundarna počitniška bivališča v Sloveniji in Zahodni Istri. Geografski vestnik 40.
Koderman, M. 2014: Spatial analysis of second homes in the municipality of Piran. Academica turistica 7-2.
Koderman, M. 2017: Second homes in protected areas of Slovenia: The case of the Triglav National Park. Tourism in Protected Areas of Nature in Serbia and Slovenia. Belgrade.
Koderman, M., Salmič, S. 2013: Prebivati ob “jezeru bliz' Triglava”: prostorska analiza počitniških bivališč v občini Bohinj. Gorenjska v obdobju glokalizacije. Ljubljana.
Landesrecht konsolidiert Tirol: Raumordnungsgesetz 2016: TROG 2016, Tiroler § 13a, Fassung vom 22. 7. 2021. § 13a Strafbestimmungen bezüglich Freizeitwohnsitze. Internet: https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=LrT&Gesetzesnummer=20000647&FassungVom=2021-07-22&Artikel=&Paragraf=13a&Anlage=&Uebergangsrecht= (10. 10. 2023).
Larsson, L., Müller, D. K. 2019: Coping with second home tourism: responses and strategies of private and public service providers in western Sweden. Current Issues in Tourism 22-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1411339
Macchiaveli, A. 2011: Le abitazioni di vacanza nella funzione turistica territoriale. Diffusione, problematiche ed esperienze di gestione. Milano.
Miklič, E. 2023: Pojasnila glede stanovanj za sezonsko in sekundarno rabo (electronic correspondence from August 11, 2023). Ljubljana.
Müller, D. K. 2020: 20 Years of Nordic second-home tourism research: A review and future research agenda. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 21-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2020.1823244
Müller, D. K., Hall, C. M. 2018: Second home tourism: An introduction. The Routledge Handbook of Second Home Tourism and Mobilities. London.
Müller, D. K., Hoogendoorn, G. 2013: Second homes: curse or blessing? A review 36 years later. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 13-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2013.860306
Nared, J., Bole, D., Razpotnik Visković, N., Tiran, J. 2020: Slovenian economy. The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse. Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14066-3_12
Nebenwohnsitzfälle am 31.10.2013 nach Geschlecht und Gemeinden. Statistik Austria. Wien, 2013. Internet: https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/nebenwohnsitze (10. 10. 2023).
Nebenwohnsitzfälle am 31.10.2022 nach Geschlecht und Gemeinden. Statistik Austria. Wien, 2022. Internet: https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/nebenwohnsitze (10. 10. 2023).
Norris, M., Winston, N. 2010: Second-home owners: Escaping, investing or retiring? Tourism Geographies 12-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2010.516401
Občinski seznam davčnih zavezancev za turizem na dan 31. 12. 2022. Občina Kranjska Gora. Kranjska Gora, 2023.
Opačić, V. T., Koderman, M. 2016: Changes in pattern of second home development in countries arising from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Book of proceedings of International Tourism and Hospitality Management Conference. Sarajevo.
Opačić, V. T., Koderman, M. 2018: From socialist Yugoslavia to the European Union: Second home development in Croatia and Slovenia. The Routledge Handbook of Second Home Tourism and Mobilities. London.
Pacione, M. 1984: Rural Geography. London.
Pahor, P. 2008: Čaka nas davek na nepremičnine: Na ministrstvu za finance so še skrivnostni. Dnevnik, 31. 12. 2028. Internet: https://www.dnevnik.si/1042233392 (21. 2. 2023).
Paris, C. 2009: Re‐positioning second homes within housing studies: Household investment, gentrification, multiple residence, mobility and hyper‐consumption. Housing, Theory and Society 26-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14036090802300392
Paris, C. 2011: Affluence, Mobility and Second Home Ownership. London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203846506
Perles-Ribes, J. F., Ramon-Rodriguez, A. B., Such-Devesa, M. J. 2018: Second homes vs. residential tourism: A research gap. Tourism 66-1.
Perlik, M. 2011: Alpine gentrification: The mountain village as a metropolitan neighbourhood. Journal of Alpine Research 99-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.1370
Popis prebivalstva, gospodinjstev in stanovanj, Slovenija, 2002. Statistični urad Republike Slovenije. Ljubljana, 2003.
Popis prebivalstva, gospodinjstev, stanovanj in kmečkih gospodarstev v Republiki Sloveniji 1991 – končni podatki. Zavod Republike Slovenije za statistiko. Ljubljana, 1993.
Popis stanovništva i stanova u Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1971: Knjiga 1. Savezni zavod za statistiku. Beograd, 1972.
Popis stanovništva i stanova u Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1981. Savezni zavod za statistiku. Beograd, 1984.
Recensement de la population de la principauté de Monaco 2016. Institut monégasque de la statistique et des études économiques. Monaco, 2018. Internet: https://www.imsee.mc/Publications/Recensement-de-la-population (10. 10. 2023).
Recensement de la population: Logement en 2012. Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. Paris, 2015. Internete: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2044713 (10. 10. 2023).
Recensement de la population: Logement et résidences principales en 2019. Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. Paris, 2022. Internet: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6454268 (10. 10. 2023).
Registrski popis prebivalstva, gospodinjstev in stanovanj v Republiki Sloveniji v letu 2011. Statistični urad Republike Slovenije. Ljubljana, 2011.
Roca, Z. (ed.) 2013: Second Home Tourism in Europe: Lifestyle Issues and Policy Responses. London.
Salmič, S., Koderman, M. 2013: Prostorska analiza počitniških bivališč v Občini Kranjska Gora. Geografski vestnik 85-1.
Sarman I., Czarnecki, A. 2020: Swiss second-home owners' intentions of changing housing patterns. Moravian Geographical Reports 28-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2020-0015
Sonderegger, R., Bätzing, W. 2013: Second homes in the Alpine Region. Journal of Alpine Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.2511
Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Bruto domači proizvod, Slovenija, letno. Ljubljana, 2023a. Internet: https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatData/pxweb/sl/Data/-/0301910S.px (13. 5. 2023).
Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Stanovanja, Slovenija, 1. januar 2018 – končni podatki. Ljubljana, 2023b. Internet: https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatData/pxweb/en/Data/-/0861150S.px/ (4. 12. 2023).
Statistični urad Republike Slovenije: Stanovanja za počitniški namen ali sekundarno rabo po naseljih v Občini Kranjska Gora (electronic correspondence from August 11, 2023). Ljubljana, 2023c.
Statistik Austria: Zensus Gebäude- und Wohnungszählung. Ergebnisse zu Gebäuden und Wohnungen aus der Registerzählung. Wien, 2021. Internet: https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Zensus-GWZ-2021.pdf (10. 10. 2023).
Statistisches Bundesamt: Zensus 2011. Gebäude und Wohnungen. Übersicht über Merkmale und Merkmalsausprägungen, Definitionen. Wiesbaden, 2011. Internet: https://www.zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Merkmale/Merkmale_GWZ.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 (10. 10. 2023).
Steinicke, E., Čede, P., Löffer, R. 2012: In-migration as a new process in demographic problem areas of the Alps: Ghost towns vs. amenity settlements in the Alpine border area between Italy and Slovenia. Erdkunde 66-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2012.04.04
Stock, M. 2006: L’hypothèse de l’habiter poly-topique: pratiquer les lieux géographiques dans les sociétés à individus mobiles. EspacesTemps.net. Internet: https://www.espacestemps.net/en/articles/hypothese-habiter-polytopique/ (10. 10. 2023).
Swiss Federal Statistical Office Federal Register of Buildings and Dwellings: Comment est géré le caractère «affectation du logement». Neuchâtel, 2015. Internet: https://www.housing-stat.ch/fr/help/faq/wnart.html (10. 10. 2023).
Visser, H., Petersen, A. C., Beusen, A. H. W., Heuberger, P. S. C., Janssen. P. H. M. 2006: Guidance for Uncertainty Assessment and Communication. Check-list for Uncertainty in Spatial Information and Visualising Spatial Uncertainty. The Hague.
Weichhart, P., Rumpolt, P. A. (ed.) 2015: Mobil und doppelt sesshaft: Studien zur residenziellen Multilokalität. Abhandlungen zur Geographie und Regionalforschung 18. Wien.
Wohnungen in Wohngebäuden nach Art der Wohnungsnutzung - Stichtag 9. 5. 2011 regionale Ebenen 2011 Gebäude- und Wohnungszählung 2011 (Zensus). Statistisches Bundesamt. Wiesbaden, 2011. Internet: https://www.govdata.de/web/guest/daten/-/details/wohnungen-in-gebauden-mit-wohnraum-nach-art-derwohnungsnutzung-stichtag-09-05-2011regionale-ebe (10. 10. 2023).
Zakon o spodbujanju razvoja turizma. Uradni list Republike Slovenije 86/2018. Ljubljana.
Ziliang, Z., Shih-Lung, S., Yang, X., Feng, L., Jie C., Ling., Y. 2016: Understanding the bias of call detail records in human mobility research. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 30-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13658816.2015.1137298
Žnidaršič, M., Miklič, E. 2022: Registrski popis prebivalstva, gospodinjstev in stanovanj. Ljubljana. Internet: https://www.stat.si/statweb/File/DocSysFile/8211 (27. 2. 2023).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All moral rights are retained by the author for copyright work submitted for publication in Geografskivestnik. The author transfers all material rights to reproduction and distribution in Slovenia and in other countries to the publisher free of charge, without time limit, for all cases, for unlimited numbers of copies, and for all analog and digital media without exception. If the article is not in line with the instructions for publication, the author shall permit the publisher to adapt the article accordingly. The publisher shall ensure that, given sufficient funds for printing, all positively reviewed articles shall be published in Geografski vestnik, generally in the sequence in which they are received and in line with the balanced distribution of articles by section. Commissioned articles may be published at any time regardless of the date they are received.No authorship fee is paid for articles in Geografski vestnik. Authors are entitled to one free copy of the publication.
Za avtorsko delo, poslano za objavo v Geografski vestnik, vse moralne avtorske pravice pripadajo avtorju, materialne avtorske pravice reproduciranja in distribuiranja v Republiki Sloveniji in v drugih državah pa avtor brezplačno, enkrat za vselej, za vse primere, za neomejene naklade in za vse analogne in digitalne medije neizključno prenese na izdajateljico. Če avtorsko delo ni v skladu z navodili za objavo, avtor dovoljuje izdajateljici, da avtorsko delo po svoji presoji ustrezno prilagodi. Izdajateljica poskrbi, da se vsi prispevki s pozitivno recenzijo, če so zagotovljena sredstva za tisk, objavijo v Geografskem vestniku, praviloma v skladu z vrstnim redom prispetja prispevkov in v skladu z enakomerno razporeditvijo prispevkov po rubrikah. Naročeni prispevki se lahko objavijo ne gledena datum prispetja. Članki v reviji Geografski vestnik niso honorirani. Avtorju pripada 1 brezplačen izvod publikacije.
