Relikti in rituali: kanonizacija kulturnih »svetnikov« z družbene perspektive
Ključne besede:
nacionalni literarni kanon, slovenska književnost, islandska književnost, danska književnost, nacionalni pesniki, Prešeren, France, Halgrímsson, Jónas, Andersen, Hans Christian, primerjalne študijePovzetek
Razprava izhaja iz Even-Zoharjevega razlikovanja med kulturo v smislu kulture-kot-dobrine in kulture-kot-orodja ter obravnava družbeno vlogo evropskih kulturnih svetnikov na podlagi primerov treh literarnih ustvarjalcev iz 19. stoletja: Slovenca Franceta Prešerna, Danca Hansa Christiana Andersena in Islandca Jónasa Hallgrímssona. Po eni strani preučuje načine, kako so poznejše generacije obravnavale različne preostanke njihovih življenj v smislu reliktov, po drugi strani pa zasleduje procese, v katerih so ti relikti postajali vir družbenih ritualov. V tem smislu skuša pojasniti dvojno politično funkcijo, ki jo imajo evropski kulturni svetniki v kontekstu kulturnega nacionalizma: bodisi kot vir za proizvajanje različnih kulturnih dobrin (goods), kot so na primer kipi in muzeji, ali pa kot orodja (tools) za organiziranje prostora, časa in idej znotraj nacionalnih držav.Literatura
Adriansen, Inge. Nationale symboler i Det Danske Rige 1830–2000. 3 volumes. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanums Forlag, Københavns Universitet, 2003.
Andersen, Jens. Andersen: En biografi. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2003.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.
Bell, David A. The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680–1800. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 2001.
“Birthplace of Slovenia’s Preeminent Poet Declared Cultural Monument.” Slovenian Press Agency. January 13, 2011. See: http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1595124. (Access 13.05.2011).
Bredsdorff, Elias. H. C. Andersen. Mennesket og digteren. Copenhagen: Fremads Fokusbøger, 1985.
Brown, Peter. The Cult of the Saints. Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Cooper, Henry Ronald. Francè Prešeren. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1981.
“Culture Minister Honours Prešeren and Prešeren Prize Laureates.” Republic of Slovenia: Government Communication Office. February 8, 2010. See: http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/newsletter_slovenia_news/news/article/391/1052/edc72209fb/?tx_ttnews%5Bnewsletter%5D=44. (Access 26.04.2011).
Davidsen, Maria. “Grundlag for evaluering.” Nu skulle vi høre! Sammenfatning og analyser af H. C. Andersen 2005. Ed. Johs. Nørregaard Frandsen. Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, 2007. 139–42.
Dorset, Rolf. Paradisbarnet. En bog om H. C. Andersens herkoms. Copenhagen: Tiderne Skifter, 2004.
Dović, Marijan. “Early Literary Representations of National History and the ‘Slovene Cultural Syndrome.’” Primerjalna književnost 30, special issue (2007): 191–207.
– – –. “France Prešeren: A Conquest of the Slovene Parnassus.” History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Vol. 4. Ed. Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauer. Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages XXV. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2010. 97–109.
Durkheim, Émile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Transl. Joseph Ward Swain. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 2008.
Even-Zohar, Itamar. “Culture as Goods, Culture as Tools.” Papers in Culture Research. Tel Aviv: Unit of Culture Research, 2010. 9–14. Electronic book available at: http://www.even-zohar.com. (Access 21.02.2011).
– – –. Polysystem Studies. Poetics Today 11.1 (1990): 1–268. Electronic version available at: http://www.even-zohar.com. (Access 21.02.2011).
– – –. “The Role of Literature in the Making of the Nations of Europe.” Applied Semiotics/Sémiotique appliguée 1.1 (1996): 39–59.
Ferguson, Priscilla Parkhurst. Paris as Revolution. Writing the Nineteenth-Century City. Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press, 1997.
Freze, Michael. Voices, Visions, and Apparitions. Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division, 1993.
“Friðlýst svæði. Hraun í Öxnadal.” Umhverfisstofnun. See: http://www.ust.is/einstaklingar/nattura/fridlyst-svaedi/nordurland-eystra/hraun-i-oxnadal/. (Access 13.05.2011).
Friisberg, Claus. H. C. Andersen og Christian VIII – De Kongelige Fugle. Gråsten: Vestjysk Kulturforlag, 2008.
Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur. “Þingvellir: An Icelandic Lieu de Mémoire.” History & Memory 12 (2000): 4–29.
“H. C. Andersen Monument.” Illustreret Tidende (July 4 1880): 415–416.
“Hans Christian Andersen Awards.” International Board on Books for Young People. See: http://www.ibby.org/index.php?id=273. (Access 14.04.2011).
“Hans Christian Andersen Schools in the World.” H. C. Andersen: Information. See: http://www.hcandersen-homepage.dk/h_c_andersen_schools.htm. (Access 14.04.2011).
Hastings, Adrian. The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Heede, Dag. Hjertebrødre. Krigen om H. C. Andersens seksualitet. Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, 2005.
Helgason, Jón Karl. Ferðalok: Skýrsla handa akademíu. Reykjavík: Bjartur, 2003.
– – –. “The Mystery of Vinarterta. In Search of an Icelandic Ethnic Identity.” Scandinavian-Canadian Studies 17 (2006–2007): 36–52.
Hendrix, Harald. “Writer’s Houses as Media of Expression and Remembrance. From Self-Fashioning to Cultural Memory.” Writers’ Houses and the Making of Memory. Ed. Harald Hendrix. New York and Oxon: Routledge, 2008. 1–11.
Hobsbawm, Eric. “Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870–1914.” The Invention of Tradition. Ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 263–307.
“Hraun í Öxnadal.” Menning, saga, þjónusta – á Hörgársvæðinu. See: http://www.horga.is/page/hraun/. (Access 11.05.2011).
Hutchinson, John. The Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism: The Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish Nation State. London: Allen & Unwin, 1987.
“J. K. Rowling får H. C. Andersen Litteraturpris.” Odense Bys Museer (September 2, 2010). See: http://museum.odense.dk/det-sker/det-sker/presse/2010/rowling-i-odense.aspx. (Access 14.04.2011).
Jelinčič, Zmago. “Prešeren on Slovene Money.” France Prešeren. See: http://www.preseren.net/ang/5-3_denar.asp. (Access 08.05.2011).
Jensen, Niels. Dansk literaturpriser. See: http://www.litteraturpriser.dk/df.htm#HCAndersen and http://www.litteraturpriser.dk/dkdiv.htm#HCAMedaljen. (Access 17.04.2011).
Johansen, Gitte Lundig. Hans Christian Andersen’s Grave – The True Story. Copenhagen: Kulturcentret Assistens, 2005.
Jónsson, Björn. “Eftirmáli.” In Guðmundur Jónsson. Úr dularheimum: fimm ævintýri. Vol. 1. Reykjavík: Ísafoldarprentsmiðja, 1906. 67–71.
Juvan, Marko. “Transgressing the Romantic Legacy? Krst pri Savici as a Key-Text of Slovene Literature in Modernism and Postmodernism.” Postmodernism in Literature and Culture of Central and Eastern Europe. Ed. Halina Janaszek-Ivaničková and Douwe Fokkema. Katowice: Śląsk, 1996. 245–256.
Jørgensen. Jens. H. C. Andersen – En sand myte. Copenhagen: Hovedland, 1987.
Karasyuk, Dmitrys. “The Classical Literature / Plots / Prešeren.” Philiatelia.net. See: http://www.philatelia.net/classik/plots/?id=2799. (Access 08.05.2011).
Leerssen, Joep. “Nationalism and the Cultivation of Culture.” Nations and Nationalism 12.4 (2006): 559–78.
“Mindesmærket i Odense for H. C. Andersen.” H. C. Andersen Information. See: http://www.hcandersen-homepage.dk/mindesmaerke-hca-odense.htm. (Access 18.04.2011).
Nemoianu, Virgil. “’National Poets’ in the Romantic Age: Emergence and Importance.” Romantic Poetry. Ed. Angela Esterhammer. A Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages XVII. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002. 249–255.
Olrik. H. G. Hans Christian Andersen. Undersøgelser og kroniker 1925–1944. Copenhagen: H. Hagerup, 1945.
Pearsall, Derek. “Chaucer’s Tomb: The Politics of Reburial.” Medium Aevum 64 (1995): 51–73.
Prendergast, Thomas A. Chaucer’s Dead Body. From Corpse to Corpus. New York and London: Routledge, 2004.
“Prešeren Award and Prešeren Foundation Awards.” Culture.si. See: http://www.culture.si/en/Pre%C5%A1eren_Award_and_Pre%C5%A1eren_Foundation_Awards. (Access 10.05.2011).
“Prešeren’s Grove.” Kranj – Slovenia. See: http://kraji.eu/slovenija/presernov_gaj/eng. (Access 10.05.2011).
Prešernova hiša. [A brochure]. Kranj: Gorenjski muzej, 2005.
Prunk, Janko. A Brief History of Slovenia. Ljubljana: Založba Grad, 2008.
Rabaut, Jean-Paul. Projet d’éducation nationale. Paris: De Imprimerie nationale, 1792.
Ringler, Dick. Bard of Iceland. Jónas Hallgrímsson, Poet and Scientist. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002.
Rosenthal. Michael. “Shakespeare’s Birthplace at Stratford. Bardolatry Reconsidered.” Writers’ Houses and the Making of Memory. Ed. Harald Hendrix. Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2008. 31–44.
Sacks, David. Encyclopaedia of the Ancient Greek World. Ed. Lisa R. Brody. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2005.
Sheffy, Rakefet “The Concept of Canonicity in Polysystem Theory.” Poetics Today 11/3 (Fall 1990): 511–522.
Shorto, Russell. Descartes’ Bones. A Skeletal History of the Conflict Between Faith and Reason. New York: Vintage Books, 2008.
Šifrer, Jože. “Prešeren’s Birth House.” Prešeren’s Vrba. Cultural and Natural Monuments of Slovenia 197. Ljubljana: Ministry of Culture, Cultural Heritage Office and Jesenice Museum, 2000. 36–42.
“The Nyhavn Room.” Hans Christian Andersen Museum. See: http://hca.museum.odense.dk/rundtur/index.aspx?l=10&lang=uk. (Access 23.04.2011).
Thiede, Carsten Peter and Matthew D’Ancona. The Quest for the True Cross. London: Phoenix, 2000.
Valgeirsson, Stefán. “Áskorun til Alþingis.” Dagur (March 23, 1964): 5–7.
Valsson, Páll. Jónas Hallgrímsson. Ævisaga. Reykjavík: Mál og menning, 1999.
Verdery, Katherine. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies. Reburial and Postsocialist Change. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
Zinglersen, Bent. Københavnske monumenter og mindesmærker. Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, 1974.
