Liminalni prostor poezije Métis: med središčem in obrobjem
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/pkn.v46.i3.05Ključne besede:
kanadska književnost, literarni prostor, liminalnost, kulturna identiteta, poezija Métis, Riel, Louis, Johnson, Pauline, McIlwraith, NaomiPovzetek
Članek preučuje literarni prostor kanadske književnosti v svetovni književnosti in mejni prostor poezije Métis, ki se na prav poseben način umešča med evropski in avtohtoni vidik kanadske književnosti. Paradoks je ta, da lahko poezija in literatura Métis v Kanadi, ki sta bili dolgo marginalizirani, zdaj v svetovni in primerjalni književnosti ustvarita nov prostor za kanadsko literaturo, za to majhno med velikimi literaturami, in pesnike, rojene ali živeče v Kanadi. S tem, ko preučujemo poezijo Métis v Kanadi ter analiziramo pesništvo Louisa Riela (1844–1885), Pauline Johnson (znane tudi kot Tekahionwake ali Dvojni Wampum, 1861–1913) in Naomi McIlwraith (sodobnica), kreiramo občutek posebnosti in enkratnosti, čeprav se nekatere od teh lastnosti lahko pojavijo tudi v poeziji »Métis« zunaj Kanade. Riel in McIlwraith zasedata literarni in kulturni vmesni prostor – Riel piše v francoščini, McIlwraith pa v angleščini in algonkinskem creeju – ter prepletata malo in veliko središče, kot del tega pa tudi »narod v narodu«, ta mejni prostor, kjer se prevprašujejo sebstvo, identiteta in drugi.
Literatura
Anderson, Jon. Page and Place: Ongoing Compositions of Plot. Amsterdam; New York, NY: Rodopi, 2014.
Armstrong, Jeannette, ed. Looking at the Words of Our People: A First Nations Analysis of Literature. Penticton: Theytus, 1993.
Atwood, Margaret. Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature. Toronto: Anansi, 1972.
Beaulieu, Alain, and Stéphanie Chaffray, ed. Représentation, métissage et pouvoir: la dynamique coloniale des échanges entre Autochtones, Européens et Canadiens (XVIe–XXe siècle). Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 2012.
Benoist, Jean. “Le métissage.” L’Homme, son évolution, sa diversité: manuel d’anthropologie physique. Ed. Denise Ferembach. Paris: CNRS, 1986. 539–551.
Bonniol, Jean-Luc, and Jean Benoist. “Heredites plurielles: representations populaires et conceptions savantes du metissage.” Ethnologie française 24 (1994): 58–69.
Bouchard, Michel et al., ed. Eastern Métis: Chronicling and Reclaiming a Denied Past. Lanham, MA: Lexington Books, 2021.
Brown, E. K. On Canadian Poetry. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1943.
Campbell, Glen. “Introduction.” Louis Riel. The Collected Writings of Louis Riel / Les écrits complets de Louis Riel. Vol. 4. Ed. Glen Campbell. Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press, 1985. xxxiii–xlviii.
Casanova, Pascale. La République mondiale des lettres. Paris: Seuil, 1999.
Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest. Texts by and about Natives: Commentary 9. Christine Quintasket (Mourning Dove or Humishuma). University of Washington. Web. Accessed 30. 10. 2023. https://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Reading%20the%20Region/Texts%20by%20and%20about%20Natives/Commentary/9.html.
Conley, Tom. “Inventions of Space: Deleuze between Concept and Event.” The Routledge Handbook of Literature and Space. Ed. Robert T. Tally Jr. London; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. 50–59.
Crépeau, Pierre. Classifications raciales populaires et métissage: essai d’anthropologie cognitive. Centre de recherches caraïbes. Montréal: Université de Montréal, 1973.
Damrosch, David. What Is World Literature? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Damrosch, David. “Major Cultures and Minor Literatures.” Teaching World Literatures. Ed. David Damrosch. New York, NY: MLA, 2009. 193–204.
Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. Kafka: pour une littérature mineure. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 1975.
D’haen, Theo. The Routledge Concise History of World Literature. London: Routledge, 2011.
D’haen, Theo. “Major Histories, Minor Literatures, and World Authors.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 15.5 (2013): https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.2342.
D’haen, Theo. “Worlding Comparative Literature: Beyond Postcolonialism.” Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée 44.3 (2017): 436–448.
Durnin, Katherine. Mixed Messages: The Métis in Canadian Literature, 1816–2007. Doctoral dissertation. University of Alberta, 2008.
Ens, Gerhard J., and Joe Sawchuk. From New Peoples to New Nations: Aspects of Métis History and Identity from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-First Centuries. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016.
Eoyang, Eugene, Gang Zhou and Jonathan Hart, ed. Comparative Literature Around the World: Global Practice. Paris: Honoré Champion Éditeur, 2021.
Frye, Northrop. The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination. Toronto: Anansi, 1971.
Glissant, Édouard. Le Discours antillais. Paris: Seuil, 1981.
Glissant, Édouard. “Métissage et créolisation: discours sur le métissage.” Identités métisses: en quête d’Ariel. Ed. Sylvie Kandé. Paris: Harmattan, 1999. 47–53.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret. Transl. John Oxenford. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1850.
Gossard, Philippe. Études sur le métissage principalement en A.O.F. Doctoral dissertation. Université de Paris, Faculté de droit. Paris: Les Presses Modernes, 1934.
Gunn, Paula Allen. Woman Who Owned the Shadows. San Francisco, CA: Spinsters, Ink, 1983.
Hart, Jonathan. “A Comparative Pluralism: The Heterogeneity of Methods and the Case of Possible Worlds.” Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée 15 (1988): 320–345.
Hart, Jonathan. “Canadian Literature: in the Mouth of the Canon.” Journal of Canadian Studies 23 (1988–1989): 145–158.
Hart, Jonathan. “Images of the Native in Renaissance Encounter Narratives.” ARIEL 25.4 (1994): 55–76.
Hart, Jonathan. “Mediation in the Exchange Between Europeans and Native Americans in the Early Modern Period.” Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée 22.2 (1995): 319–343.
Hart, Jonathan. Fictional and Historical Worlds. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
Hart, Jonathan. The Poetics of Otherness: War, Trauma, and Literature. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
He, Yanli. “Rethinking Minor Literature and Small Literature as Secondary Zone Literature.” Territories: A Trans-Cultural Journal of Regional Studies 2.1 (2020): https://doi.org/10.5070/T22144835.
Hones, Sheila. “Text as It Happens: Literary Geography.” Geography Compass 2.5 (2008): 1301–1317.
Hones, Sheila. Literary Geographies: Narrative Space in ‘Let the Great World Spin’. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Hones, Sheila. “Literary Geography, Past and Future.” Literary Geographies 1.2 (2015): 1–5.
Hones, Sheila. “Spatial Literary Studies and Literary Geography.” Literary Geographies 4.2 (2018): 146–149.
Hutcheon, Linda. The Canadian Postmodern: A Study in Contemporary English-Canadian Fiction. Oxford; Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Johnson, E. Pauline (Tekahionwake). Flint and Feather: The Complete Poems. Eighth Edition. Toronto: The Musson Book Company Limited, 1922 (1912).
Juvan, Marko. “‘Peripherocentrisms’: Geopolitics of Comparative Literatures Between Ethnocentrism and Cosmopolitanism.” Histoire de la littérature et jeux d’échange entre centres et peripheries: les identités relatives des littératures. Ed. Jean Bessière and Judith Maar. Paris: Harmattan, 2010. 53–66.
Juvan, Marko. “World Literature(s) and Peripheries.” Marko Juvan. Literary Studies in Reconstruction: An Introduction to Literature. Bern: Peter Lang, 2011. 73–86.
Karahasan, Devrim. Métissage in New France and Canada 1508 to 1886. Frankfurt am Main; New York, NY: Peter Lang, 2009.
King, Thomas. “Godzilla vs. Post-Colonial.” World Literature Written in English 30.2 (1990): 10–16.
King, Thomas. A Coyote Columbus Story. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1992.
King, Thomas. The Truth About Stories: A Native Narrative. Toronto: Anansi, 2003.
LaRocque, Emma. “The Metis in English Canadian Literature.” Canadian Journal of Native Studies 3.1 (1983): 85–94.
LaRocque, Emma. Native Writers Resisting Colonizing Practices in Canadian Historiography and Literature. Doctoral dissertation. University of Manitoba, 1999.
Lawrence, Bonita. “Real” Indians and Others: Mixed-Blood Urban Native Peoples and Indigenous Nationhood. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2004.
Lionnet, Françoise. “Introduction: The Politics and Aesthetics of Métissage.” Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989. 1–30.
Lukens, Margaret A. “Mourning Dove and Mixed Blood: Cultural and Historical Pressures on Aesthetic Choice and Authorial Identity.” American Indian Quarterly 21.3 (1997): 409–422.
McIlwraith, Naomi. Kiyâm. Edmonton: AU Press, 2012.
McLuhan, Marshall. “Canada: The Borderline Case.” The Canadian Imagination: Dimensions of a Literary Culture. Ed. David Staines. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977. 226–248.
Moretti, Franco. “Conjectures on World Literature.” New Left Review 1.1 (2000): 54–68.
Morris, Paul D., ed. Le Canada, une culture du métissage / Transcultural Canada. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 2019.
Neuville, Henry. L’espèce, la race et le métissage en anthropologie. Paris: Masson, 1933.
Owens, Louis. Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.
Ragon, Michel. Histoire de la littérature prolétarienne en France. Paris: Albin Michel, 1974.
Riel, Louis. The Collected Writings of Louis Riel / Les écrits complets de Louis Riel. Vol. 4. Ed. Glen Campbell. Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press, 1985.
Scheick, William J. The Half-Blood: A Cultural Symbol in Nineteenth-Century American Fiction. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1979.
Shields, Rob. Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity. London; New York, NY: Routledge, 1991.
Shields, Rob. “Spatialisations.” Rob Shields. Spatial Questions: Cultural Topologies and Social Spatialisations. London: SAGE, 2013. 15–40.
Silko, Leslie. Ceremony. New York, NY: Viking Press, 1977.
Tally, Robert T. Jr. Spatiality. London: Routledge, 2013.
Tally, Robert T. Jr. “Spatial Literary Studies Versus Literary Geography?” Boundaries and Borders Amidst Interdisciplinary Approaches to Space and Literature. New York, NY; London: Routledge, 2021. 317–331.
Valdés, Mario J. and Djelal Kadir, ed. Literary Cultures of Latin America: A Comparative History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Vizenor, Gerald. Earthdivers: Tribal Narratives on Mixed Descent. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1981.
