Imagining the Mediterranean Again and Again: Touristic Imaginaries of the Mediterranean Sea, and How It Appears from a Lebanese Literary Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/pkn.v48.i3.04Keywords:
travel fiction, imagology, Lebanon, the Mediterranean, touristic imaginaries, Lebanese identityAbstract
In this article, I analyze the contemporary literary narratives that capture and (re)construct Lebanese imaginaries of the Mediterranean and compare these imaginaries to the ways in which tourists imagine and describe the Mediterranean and its coasts. My aim is to explore the Lebanese multifaceted local perceptions of the Mediterranean, which is viewed not only as sublime and life-giving but also as perilous and polluted. To this end, I analyze four texts: Lost in Beirut: A True Story (2021) by Ashe and Magdalena Stevens, Between Beirut and the Moon (2020) by A. Naji Bakhti, Spring Rain (2020) by Andy Warner, and “The Sea Closes at 7:00” (2022) by Sabah Ayoub. By juxtaposing these narratives with those constructed from a tourist perspective—or targeted toward tourists—I seek to illustrate how the generalized imaginary of the Mediterranean as a tourist haven fails to align with the Lebanese perspective, and how it is adapted to suit the unique reality of Lebanon. This reality often diverges significantly from the Mediterranean experience as rendered by the tourist industry of the Global North.
References
Andrews, Hazel. “Becoming Through Tourism: Imagination in Practice.” Suomen Antropologi, vol. 42, no. 1, 2017, pp. 31–44.
Arsan, Andrew. Lebanon: A Country in Fragments. Hurst, 2018.
Ayoub, Sabah. “The Sea Closes at 7:00.” Kohl, vol. 8, no. 2, 2022, https://kohljournal.press/sea-closes-700.
Bakhti, A. Naji. Between Beirut and the Moon. Influx Press, 2020.
Barthes, Roland. S/Z. Translated by Richard Miller, Hill and Wang, 1974.
Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Translated by Siân Reynolds, Harper and Row, 1972.
Chambers, Iain. Mediterranean Crossings: The Politics of an Interrupted Modernity. Duke University Press, 2008.
Di Maio, Alessandra. “Mediterraneo nero: le rotte dei migranti nel millennio globale.” La città cosmopolita: altre narrazioni, edited by Giulia de Spuches, G. B. Palumbo Editore, 2012, pp. 142–163.
El-Husseini, Rola. Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon. Syracuse University Press, 2012.
Erem, Ömer. “Revealing Recreational Settlement Image from Tourist Sketch Maps: A Mediterranean Holiday Village.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 26, no. 6, 2021, pp. 685–701.
Gabaccia, Donna R., and Dirk Hoerder, editors. Connecting Seas and Connected Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and China Seas Migrations from the 1830s to the 1930s. Brill, 2011.
Geara-Matta, Darine, et al. “State of Art About Water Uses and Wastewater Management in Lebanon.” World Wide Workshop for Young Environmental Scientists, 2010, pp. 1–12, https://hal.science/hal-00521446v1.
Giaccaria, Paolo, and Claudio Minca. “The Mediterranean Alternative.” Progress in Human Geography, vol. 35, no. 3, 2011, pp. 345–365.
Gordon, Bertram M. “The Mediterranean as a Tourist Destination from Classical Antiquity to Club Med.” Mediterranean Studies, no. 12, 2003, pp. 203–226.
Isabella, Maurizio, and Konstantina Zanou, editors. Mediterranean Diasporas: Politics and Ideas in the Long 19th Century. Bloomsbury, 2016.
Kaufman, Asher. Reviving Phoenicia: The Search for Identity in Lebanon. I. B. Tauris, 2004.
Lo Presti, Laura. “Like a Map Over Troubled Water: (Un)mapping the Mediterranean Sea’s Terraqueous Necropolitics.” e-flux Journal, no. 109, 2020, pp. 54–63.
Makhzoumi, Jala. “Colonizing Mountain, Paving Sea: Neoliberal Politics and the Right to Landscape in Lebanon.” The Right to Landscape: Contesting Landscape and Human Rights, edited by Shelley Egoz et al., Routledge, 2011, pp. 227–242.
Morton, Timothy. Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology After the End of the World. University of Minnesota Press, 2013.
Najem, Tom, and Roy C. Amore. Historical Dictionary of Lebanon. 2nd ed., Rowman and Littlefield, 2021.
Pan, Gang, et al. “Satellite Monitoring of Phytoplankton in the East Mediterranean Sea After the 2006 Lebanon Oil Spill.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 33, no. 23, 2012, pp. 7482–7490.
Proglio, Gabriele. “Is the Mediterranean a White Italian–European Sea? The Multiplication of Borders in The Production of Historical Subjectivity.” Interventions, vol. 20, no. 3, 2018, pp. 406–427.
Salazar, Noel B. “Tourism Imaginaries: A Conceptual Approach.” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 39, no. 2, 2012, pp. 863–882.
Shklovsky, Viktor. Theory of Prose. Translated by Benjamin Sher, Dalkey Archive Press, 1990.
Steinberg, Philip E. “Mediterranean Metaphors: Travel, Translation and Oceanic Imaginaries in the ‘New Mediterraneans’ of the Arctic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.” Water Worlds: Human Geographies of the Ocean, edited by Jon Anderson and Kimberley Peters, Ashgate, 2014, pp. 23–37.
Stevens, Ashe, and Magdalena Stevens. Lost in Beirut: A True Story. Anonymous, 2021.
Tresserras, Jordi Juan. “Tourism in the Mediterranean: Trends and Perspectives.” IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook 2003, IEMed, 2003, https://www.iemed.org/publication/tourism-in-the-mediterranean-trends-and-perspectives/.
Tsing, Anna L. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princeton University Press, 2015.
UNEP. Lebanon Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, 2007.
Vidal-Pérez, Aina. “La piscina global: el Mediterráneo de Rafael Chirbes desde el spatial turn y la ecocrítica.” 452ºF, no. 21, 2019, pp. 73–91.
Warner, Andy. Spring Rain: A Graphic Memoir of Love, Madness, and Revolutions. St. Martins Griffin, 2020.