Univerzalnost kot stalnica v primerjalni književnosti: v smeri celostne teorije kulturnih stikov
Ključne besede:
primerjalna književnost, nacionalne književnosti, kulturni stiki, literarni vplivi, univerzalnost, romunska literarna veda, Wellek, René, Munteanu, Basil, Marino, AdrianPovzetek
V drugi polovici 20. stoletja sta v primerjalni književnosti prevladovali dve teoriji, po katerih so utemeljevali razloge za primerljivost: prva je zagovarjala dejstvo, da je primerjanje mogoče zato, ker je med dvema ali več kulturami prišlo do določene oblike kulturnega stika (vpliva, skladnosti ali odvisnosti), po drugi pa obstajajo določene univerzalije, ki se kažejo v obliki invariant ali konstant pri različnih književnostih, kulturah in avtorjih, pri čemer ni sledu o kakršnem koli vplivu ali stiku. V članku so na kratko predstavljeni argumenti teh dveh teorij, avtorica pa predstavi tudi teorijo o tem, da ju lahko razumemo kot celostni rešitvi. Eno glavnih vprašanj, obravnavanih v prvem delu članka, je vprašanje nacionalnega (ponazorjeno z romunskimi razpravami iz obdobja med 60. in 80. leti 20. stoletja) kot nasprotujočemu ali sestavnemu vidiku univerzalnega. Drugi del članka se osredotoča na razprave o ideji univerzalnih invariant, ki se v različnih kulturah kažejo neodvisno od kulturnega stika. V romunskem kontekstu ta teorija izhaja iz del Basila Munteanuja in Adriana Marina. Več kot očitno je, da so epifenomeni globalizacije tisti, ki zahtevajo nov, celostni pogled na nekdanji polarizirani odnos med lokalnim, zgodovinskim in kontekstualnim na eni strani ter univerzalnim, splošnim in množično skupnim na drugi.Literatura
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