Translating Racist Discourse About Black People into Slovenian
Keywords:
American literature, translation, Slovenian translations, Blacks, dark-skinned, racism, Beecher-Stowe, Harriet, Twain, Mark, Mitchell, Margaret, Steinbeck, JohnAbstract
This article deals with the issue of how racist discourse about black people has been translated into Slovenian. While the research focused on the novels Uncle Tom’s Cabin, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Gone with the Wind and Of Mice and Men, which were translated into Slovenian several times, other relevant works were also examined; 35 translations were analysed altogether. Both the strategy for translating explicitly racist discourse and the strategy for translating terms used for denoting black people were analysed. In all analysed pre-World War II translations, originally pejorative terms for black people were fully neutralised, and this practice has largely continued in post-War translations; even in cases when preserving the original negative connotation of a certain term would have been crucial for preserving the effect of the source text. The translation strategy for a particular literary work was mainly dependent on the target readership: in translations of children’s literature racist terms were neutralised more thoroughly than in translations of literature for adults. In comparison to other translations, both explicitly racist discourse and racist terms were most frequently preserved in translations of works by black writers. Negative remarks and stereotypes about black people were also fully preserved in all analysed pre-World War II translations, when racist views were still quite acceptable in Slovenian society, while post-War strategies were again more diverse; explicitly racist discourse was sometimes censored in translations of children’s literature, whereas in translations of literature for adults it was preserved – with some exceptions. It can thus be concluded that many works entered the Slovenian literary system in a less racist form, but while in pre-World War II translations only racist terminology was neutralised, in post-War translations explicitly racist discourse was also often perceived as problematic and therefore censored.References
American Library Association. »Frequently Challenged Books.« Splet. 23. 5. 2014. http://www.ala.org/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks.
Asim, Jabari. The N Word: Who Can Say It, Who Shouldn’t, and Why. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.
Bajec, Anton et al. Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika. Ljubljana: DZS, 2005.
Bakker, Matthijs, Cees Koster in Kitty van Leuven-Zwart. Shifts. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd Edition). Ur. Mona Baker in Gabriela Saldanha. London/New York: Routledge, 2009. 269–274.
Banks, Marva. »Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the Antebellum Black Response.« A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Ur. Debra J. Rosenthal. London: Routledge, 2003. 36–39.
Bradač, Fran in Ivan Pregelj. Slovensko-nemški slovar. Ljubljana: Jugoslovanska knjigarna, 1930.
Bratko, Ivan. »Črncem pravijo ‘nigri’.« Sodobnost 1.12 (1963): 1057–1075.
Conde, Seku M. »Slovenci so zaplankane živali.« Narobe. Revija, kjer je vse prav 2.7 (2008): 10–14.
Conrad, Joseph. Črnec z »Narcisa«. Prevod: Jože Dolenc. Ljubljana: Prešernova družba, 1966.
− − −. Heart of Darkness. London: Penguin, 1994.
− − −. Srce teme. Prevod: Mart Ogen. Ljubljana: Delo, 2004.
− − −. The Nigger of the »Narcissus«. Splet. 23. 5. 2014. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17731/17731-h/17731-h.htm.
D. P. »Gostovanje Mariborskega nar. gled. v Ptuju.« Naše delo: glasilo Okrajnega odbora OF Ptuj (16. junij 1949): 3.
Darwin, Charles. A Naturalist’s Voyage Round the World: The Voyage of the Beagle. Splet. 23. 5. 2014. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3704/3704-h/3704-h.htm.
− − −. Potovanje na ladji Beagle. Prevod: Olga Grahor. Ljubljana: DZS, 1950.
Devanny Jr., John Francis. »The Moral Geography of Huckleberry Finn.« Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Ur. Mary R. Reichardt. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2009. 353–366.
Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. New York: Vintage Books, 1972.
− − −. Nevidni človek. Prevod: Branko Gradišnik. Ljubljana: Delo, 2004.
Faulkner, William. Light in August. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977.
− − −. Svetloba v avgustu. Prevod: Mira Mihelič. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1952.
Foerstel, Herbert N. Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002.
Genet, Jean. Črnci. Prevod: Asta Znidarčič. Ljubljana: s.n., 1970.
Glonar, Joža. Slovar slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Umetniška propaganda, 1936.
Grad, Anton, Ružena Škerlj in Nada Vitrovič. Veliki angleško-slovenski slovar. Ljubljana: DZS, 1967.
Hill, Jane H. The Everyday Language of White Racism. Malden/Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
Hinds, Maurene J. John Steinbeck: Banned, Challenged, and Censored. Springfield: Enslow Publishers, 2008.
Hladnik, Miran. Trivialna literatura. Ljubljana: DZS, 1983.
Karolides, Nicholas J. Banned Books: Literature Suppressed on Political Grounds, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File Inc, 2006.
Kennedy, Randall. Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word. New York: Vintage Books, 2003.
Kipling, Rudyard. Captains Courageous. Splet. 23. 5. 2014. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2186/2186-h/2186-h.htm.
− − −. Kim. Prevod: Griša Koritnik. Ljubljana: Založba Hram, 1933.
− − −. Kim. Splet. 23. 5. 2014. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2226/2226-h/2226-h.htm.
− − −. Pogumni kapitani. Prevod: Janko Moder. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1958.
Kocijančič Pokorn, Nike. Post-Socialist Translation Practices: Ideological Struggle in Children’s Literature. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012.
− − −. »Prevodoslovno proučevanje literarnih prevodov.« Sodobne metode v prevodoslovnem raziskovanju. Ur. Nike Kocijančič Pokorn. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, 2009. 40–58.
Kujawska-Lis, Ewa. »Turning Heart of Darkness into a Racist Text: A Comparison of Two Polish Translations.« Conradiana 40.2 (2008): 165–178.
L. »Pet plemen človeškega rodu.« Besednik (20. januar 1875): 7–12.
Lambert, José in Hendrik van Gorp. »On Describing Translations.« Functional Approaches to Culture and Translation. Ur. Dirk Delabastita, Lieven D’hulst in Reine Meylaerts. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. 37–47.
Lee, Harper. Ne ubijaj slavca. Prevod: Janez Sivec. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba, 1984.
− − −. To Kill a Mockingbird. Philadelphia/New York: Lippincot, 1960.
Leonard, James S. in Thomas. A. Tenney. »Introduction.« Satire or Evasion? Black Perspectives on Huckleberry Finn. Ur. James S. Leonard, Thomas A. Tenney in Thadious M. Davis. Durham/London: Duke University Press, 1992. 1–11.
Lewis, Sinclair. Kingsblood Royal. Splet. 23. 5. 2014. http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/lewis/sinclair/kingsblood/.
− − −. Kraljevski Kingsblood. Prevod: Janez Gradišnik. Ljubljana: DZS, 1952.
London, Jack. South Sea Tales. Splet. 23. 5. 2014. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1208/1208-h/1208-h.htm.
− − −. Zgodbe z Južnega morja. Prevod: Tone Seliškar. Ljubljana: Mladinska matica, 1928.
− − −. Zgodbe z Južnega morja. Prevod: Igor Majaron. Ljubljana: Karantanija, 1995.
− − −. Z Južnega morja. Prevod: Vinko Gaberski. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1946.
McPherson, Tara. Reconstructing Dixie: Race, Gender, and Nostalgia in the Imagined South. North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2003.
Miles, Robert in Malcolm Brown. Racism: Second Edition. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Mitchell, Margaret. Gone with the Wind. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
− − −. V vrtincu – 1. knjiga. Prevod: M. Rožič [Mirko Košir]. Ljubljana: Merkur, 1939.
− − −. V vrtincu – 1. knjiga. Prevod: Janko Moder. Maribor: Obzorja, 1969.
Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Vintage Books, 2004.
− − −. Ljubljena. Prevod: Jože Stabej. Ljubljana: Delo, 2004.
Mrak, Anja. Podoba Amerike v slovenski književnosti od 1836 do 1924 (neobjavljeno diplomsko delo). Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta, 2010.
N. N. »Izlet iz Gorice v Tržaško okolico.« Slovenec, 11. junij 1885: 1–2.
− − −. »Kako živijo severnoameriški zamorci.« Goriška straža, 10. avgust 1927: 5.
− − −. »Naše gospodarstvo.« Naš kmečki dom: domoljubova priloga za naše gospodarje, gospodinje in dekleta, 1. avgust 1912: 57–58.
− − −. »Vlada belokožcev nad črnci.« Slovenski gospodar, 7. maj 1930: 6.
Orel Kos, Silvana. »Samoupravljanje Andersenovih pravljic.« Otrok in knjiga 63 (2005): 100–112.
Pleteršnik, Maks. Slovensko-nemški slovar. Ljubljana: Knezoškofijstvo, 1894.
Prestor, Uroš. »Razjarjeni Harlem.« Tribuna 42.12 (1992): 24.
Puzo, Mario. Boter. Prevod: Slavko Kumer. Tržič: Učila International, 2004.
− − −. Boter. Prevod: Mirko Napast. Ljubljana: Delo, 2005.
− − −. The Godfather. London: Arrow Books, 1998.
Rattansi, Ali. Racism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Ryan, Tim A. Calls and Responses: The American Novel of Slavery Since Gone with the Wind. ZDA: Louisiana State University Press, 2008.
Sova, Dawn B. Banned Books: Literature Suppressed on Social Grounds, Revised Edition. New York: Facts on File Inc, 2006.
Steinbeck, John. Ljudje in miši. Prevod: Meta Gosak. Ljubljana: Slovenski knjižni zavod, 1952.
− − −. Ljudje in miši. Prevod: Tina Mahkota. Gledališki list Slovenskega ljudskega gledališča Celje 57.6 (2007): 1–40.
− − −. Of Mice and Men. London: Penguin, 2006.
− − −. Of Mice and Men: A Play in Three Acts. London: Penguin, 2009.
− − −. O miših in ljudeh. Prevod: Danica Čerče. Maribor: Mariborska literarna družba, 2007.
− − −. Potovanje s Charleyem. Prevod: Meta Gosak. Ljubljana: DZS, 1963.
− − −. Travels with Charley: In Search of America. New York: Viking Press, 1962.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Koča strica Toma: izbor iz romana istega imena. Prevod: Olga Grahor. Ljubljana: Založba Tiskarne Merkur v Ljubljani, 1934.
− − −. Koča strica Toma ali življenje črncev v suženjskih državah Amerike. Prevod: Olga Grahor. Priredba: Kristina Brenk. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1954.
− − −. Koča strica Toma ali življenje črncev v suženjskih državah Amerike. Prevod: Olga Grahor. Priredba: Kristina Brenk. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1959.
− − −. Koča strica Toma ali življenje črncev v suženjskih državah Amerike. Prevod: Olga Grahor. Priredba: Kristina Brenk. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1993.
− − −. Stric Tomova koča: povest iz suženjskega življenja. Prevod: Silvester Košutnik. Ljubljana: Anton Turk, 1918.
− − −. Stric Tomova koča ali Življenje zamorcov v robnih deržavah svobodne séverne Amerike. Prevod: Franc Malavašič. Ljubljana: Janez Giontini, 1853.
− − −. Stric Tomaž ali življenje zamorcov v Ameriki. Prevod: Janez Božič. Celovec: J. Leon, 1853.
− − −. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Connecticut: Tantor Media, 2008.
Strmčnik, Marjana. Konstrukt drugega in razvoj rasizma med 1848 in 1948 v slovenskih tiskanih medijih: ali je mogoče iz zamorca narediti belega človeka? (Dom in svet, 1904) (neobjavljeno diplomsko delo). Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta, 2012.
Svetina, Peter. »Cenzura v prevodih mladinske književnosti v času socializma.« Odprta okna: komparativistika in prevajalstvo: Majdi Stanovnik ob 75. rojstnem dnevu. Ur. Martina Ožbot, Darko Dolinar in Tone Smolej. Ljubljana: Društvo slovenskih književnih prevajalcev, 2009. 263–276.
Škerlj B[ožo]. »Kako pojmuje sodobna antropologija človeške rase.« Življenje in svet (19. november 1933): 562–564.
− − −. O človeških rasah in o rasizmu. Ljubljana: Slovenski knjižni zavod, 1949.
Taylor, Mildred D. Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry. Harlow: Addison Wesley, 2001.
− − −. Silni grom, čuj moj krik. Prevod: Mojca Čakš. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1981.
Toury, Gideon. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics, 1980.
Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
− − −. Mali klatež Tom Sawyer. Prevod: Ivan Mulaček. Ljubljana: Omladina, 1921.
− − −. Prigode Huckleberryja Finna. Prevod: Janez Gradišnik. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1962.
− − −. Prigode Toma Sawyerja. Prevod: Janez Gradišnik. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1960.
− − −. Pustolovščine Huckleberryja Finna. Prevod: Pavel Holeček. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1948.
− − −. Pustolovščine Toma Sawyerja. Prevod: Milena Mohorič. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1947.
− − −. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
− − −. Tom Sawyer, Detective. Splet. 23. 5. 2014. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/93/93-h/93-h.htm.
− − −. Tom Sawyer, detektiv. Prevod: Pavel Holeček. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1957.
− − −. Tom Sawyer, detektiv. Prevod: Slavica Jesenovec Petrović in Borut Petrović Jesenovec. Ljubljana: Založba Karantanija, 1997.
Urbanczyk, Aaron. »Huckleberry Finn as an American Epic.« Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Ur. Mary R. Reichardt. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2009. 379–394.
van Leuven-Zwart, Kitty M. »Translation and Original: Similarities and Dissimilarities, I.« Target 1.2 (1989): 151–181.
van Leuven-Zwart, Kitty M. »Translation and Original: Similarities and Dissimilarities, II.« Target 2.1 (1990): 69–95.
Walker, Alice. Nekaj vijoličastega. Prevod: Zoja Skušek Močnik. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1987.
− − −. The Color Purple. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982.
Weissbrod, Rachel. »Coping with Racism in Hebrew Literary Translation.« Babel 54.2 (2008): 171–186.
Wright, Richard. Otroci strica Toma. Prevod: Ciril Kosmač. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1956.
− − −. Uncle Tom’s Children. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Young, Elizabeth. Disarming the Nation: Women’s Writing and the American Civil War. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Zajc, Marko in Janez Polajnar. Naši in vaši: iz zgodovine slovenskega časopisnega diskurza v 19. in začetku 20. stoletja. Ljubljana: Mirovni inštitut, 2012.
