Who are the Addressees of Shakespeare’s Sonnets (in Slovenian)?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/pkn.v46.i1.10Keywords:
English poetry, Shakespeare, William, sonnets, gender, Slovenian translation, polysemy, disambiguationAbstract
Shakespeare’s Sonnets (1609) were traditionally understood as falling into two groups: sonnets 1–126 were said to celebrate a handsome young man and sonnets 127–154 were thought to address a “dark lady.” It was also generally believed that the sonnets develop a fairly coherent narrative of the speaker’s relationship with the two individuals. The textual truth, however, is that it is impossible to determine how many addressees the Sonnets have or what gender they are. The article argues that out of the 139 sonnets with one addressee, 115 are ungendered in the source text (83%), while 14 are about a man and 10 are about a woman. Six sonnets have (at least) two addressees and the rest are about abstract concepts. Two integral Slovenian translations have been published so far—by Janez Menart in 1965 and by Srečko Fišer in 2005—and in confronting gender ambiguity and sexual fluidity in the source texts, both translators followed the traditionally assumed gendering of the sonnets, with Fišer maintaining neutrality in a slightly larger proportion of the sonnets than Menart (44% and 37% respectively).
References
VIRI
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Shakespeare, William. <em>Soneti</em>. Prev. Srečko Fišer. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 2005.
Shakespeare, William. »Iz Shakespeara [fragment soneta 141]«. Prev. Josip Jurčič. 1868. <em>Zbrano delo. 9. knjiga</em>. Ur. Mirko Rupel. Ljubljana: DZS, 1960. 261.
Shakespeare, William. »Sonet 66«. Prev. Mile Klopčič. <em>Ameriški družinski koledar</em> 23.1 (1937): 207.
Shakespeare, William. »Shakespeare [sonet 98]«. Avtor in prev. Oton Župančič. <em>Zbrano delo. 4. knjiga</em>. Ur. Josip Vidmar in Joža Mahnič. Ljubljana: DZS, 1967. 293. (Prevod prvič objavljen v: Mohorič, Milena. »Osemindevetdeseti sonet«. <em>Modra ptica</em> 9.3 (1938): 69–72.)
Shakespeare, William. »Iz Shakespearovih sonetov [soneti 1, 3, 19, 55, 71, 97]«. Prev. Alojz Gradnik. <em>Nova obzorja</em> 9 (1956): 383–385.
Shakespeare, William. »Sonet 116«. Prev. Filibert Benedetič. <em>Jadranski koledar 1964</em>. Ur. Jože Koren. Trst: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1964. 156.
Shakespeare, William. »[Soneta 138, 144]«. Prev. Janko Moder. <em>Zbrana dela. 14. knjiga</em>. Ur. Matej Bor. Ljubljana: DZS, 1973. 113–114.
Shakespeare, William. »[Soneti 18, 128, 146]«. Prev. Karel Rakovec. <em>Meddobje</em> 18.1/2 (1982): 51–52.
LITERATURA
Booth, Stephen. »Commentary«. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Stephen Booth. 1977. London; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000. 135–573.
Burrow, Colin. »Introduction«. <em>The Complete Sonnets and Poems: The Oxford Shakespeare</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Colin Burrow in Stanley Wells. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Callaghan, Dympna. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007.
De Grazia, Margreta. »The Scandal of Shakespeare’s Sonnets«. <em>Shakespeare Survey</em> 46 (1993): 35–50.
Duncan-Jones, Katherine. »Preface«. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Katherine Duncan-Jones. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1998. xii–xv.
Duncan-Jones, Katherine. »Introduction«. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Katherine Duncan-Jones. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1998. 1–105.
Edmondson, Paul, in Stanley Wells. »Introduction«. <em>All the Sonnets of Shakespeare</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Paul Edmondson in Stanley Wells. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 1–44.
Edmondson, Paul, in Stanley Wells. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Greenblatt, Stephen. <em>Will in svet: kako je Shakespeare postal Shakespeare</em>. Prev. Marija Zlatnar Moe. Ljubljana: Beletrina, 2016.
Hammond, Paul. »Reading Shakespeare’s Sonnets«. William Shakespeare, <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets: An Original-Spelling Text</em>. Ur. Paul Hammond. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Hyland, Peter. <em>An Introduction to Shakespeare’s Poems</em>. Basingstoke; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Jurak, Mirko. »Skrivnosti življenja Shakespearovih sonetov«. <em>William Shakespeare</em>. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1990. 177–208.
Juvan, Marko. <em>Literarna veda v rekonstrukciji: uvod v sodobni študij literature</em>. Ljubljana: Literarno-umetniško društvo Literatura, 2006.
Kingsley-Smith, Jane. <em>The Afterlife of Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Kos, Janko. »Lirika Shakespearovih sonetov«. <em>Shakespeare pri Slovencih</em>. Ur. France Koblar. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1965. 77–120.
Logar, Tine. »Pomenska odprtost Shakespearovih sonetov«. <em>Soneti</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 2016. 175–176.
Menart, Janez. »O prevajalskem ptičjem mleku«. <em>Prevajanje srednjeveških in renesančnih besedil. 27. zbornik DSKP</em>. Ur. Martina Ožbot. Ljubljana: Društvo slovenskih književnih prevajalcev, 2002. 61–91.
Menart, Janez. »Spremna beseda«. <em>Soneti</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1965. vi–xv.
Menart, Janez. »Opombe«. <em>Soneti</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1965. 172–194.
Morozov, Mihail Mihajlovič. <em>Shakespeare</em>. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Slovenski knjižni zavod, 1952.
Nelles, William. »Sexing Shakespeare’s Sonnets: Reading Beyond Sonnet 20«. <em>English Literary Renaissance</em> 39.1 (2009): 128–140.
Novak, Boris A., ur. <em>Sonet</em>. Ljubljana: DZS, 2004.
Roberts, Sasha. »Shakespeare’s <em>Sonnets</em> and English Sonnet Sequences«. <em>Early Modern English Poetry: A Critical Companion</em>. Ur. Patrick Cheney, Andrew Hadfield in Garrett A. Sullivan, Jr. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 172–183.
Schalkwyk, David. <em>Speech and Performance in Shakespeare’s Sonnets and Plays</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Schoenfeldt, Michael. »The Sonnets«. <em>The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare’s Poetry</em>. Ur. Patrick Cheney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 125–143.
Schoenfeldt, Michael. <em>The Cambridge Introduction to Shakespeare’s Poetry</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Shakespeare, William. »Sonet 151«. Prev. Srečko Fišer. <em>Gledališki list Primorskega dramskega gledališča Nova Gorica</em> 48.2 (2002): 5.
Shakespeare, William. <em>All the Sonnets of Shakespeare</em>. Ur. Paul Edmondson in Stanley Wells. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Shakespeare, William. <em>Soneti</em>. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1976.
Shakespeare, William. <em>Soneti</em>. Prev. Srečko Fišer. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 2005.
Shrank, Cathy. »Reading Shakespeare’s <em>Sonnets</em>. John Benson and the 1640 <em>Poems</em>«. <em>Shakespeare</em> 5.3 (2009): 271–291.
Spišiaková, Eva. <em>Queering Translation History: Shakespeare’s Sonnets in Czech and Slovak Transformations</em>. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.
Strojan, Marjan. »Snov prečudna in dragocena«. <em>Pesmi iz iger</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Izbor, prev. in spremna besedila Marjan Strojan. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 2016. 161–233.
Škulj, Jola. »The Slovenian Response to Shakespeare’s Sonnets«. <em>William Shakespeare’s Sonnets: For the First Time Globally Reprinted: A Quartercentenary Anthology 1609–2009</em>. Ur. Manfred Pfister in Jürgen Gutsch. Dozwil: Signathur, 2009. 603–611.
Taylor, Gary, in Rory Loughnane. »The Canon and Chronology of Shakespeare’s Work«. <em>The New Oxford Shakespeare: Authorship Companion</em>. Ur. Gary Taylor in Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. 417–602.
Vidmar, Josip. »V rokah življenja«. <em>Shakespeare pri Slovencih</em>. Ur. France Koblar. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1965. 68–76.
Shakespeare, William. <em>Soneti</em>. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1976.
Shakespeare, William. <em>Soneti</em>. Prev. Srečko Fišer. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 2005.
Shakespeare, William. »Iz Shakespeara [fragment soneta 141]«. Prev. Josip Jurčič. 1868. <em>Zbrano delo. 9. knjiga</em>. Ur. Mirko Rupel. Ljubljana: DZS, 1960. 261.
Shakespeare, William. »Sonet 66«. Prev. Mile Klopčič. <em>Ameriški družinski koledar</em> 23.1 (1937): 207.
Shakespeare, William. »Shakespeare [sonet 98]«. Avtor in prev. Oton Župančič. <em>Zbrano delo. 4. knjiga</em>. Ur. Josip Vidmar in Joža Mahnič. Ljubljana: DZS, 1967. 293. (Prevod prvič objavljen v: Mohorič, Milena. »Osemindevetdeseti sonet«. <em>Modra ptica</em> 9.3 (1938): 69–72.)
Shakespeare, William. »Iz Shakespearovih sonetov [soneti 1, 3, 19, 55, 71, 97]«. Prev. Alojz Gradnik. <em>Nova obzorja</em> 9 (1956): 383–385.
Shakespeare, William. »Sonet 116«. Prev. Filibert Benedetič. <em>Jadranski koledar 1964</em>. Ur. Jože Koren. Trst: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1964. 156.
Shakespeare, William. »[Soneta 138, 144]«. Prev. Janko Moder. <em>Zbrana dela. 14. knjiga</em>. Ur. Matej Bor. Ljubljana: DZS, 1973. 113–114.
Shakespeare, William. »[Soneti 18, 128, 146]«. Prev. Karel Rakovec. <em>Meddobje</em> 18.1/2 (1982): 51–52.
LITERATURA
Booth, Stephen. »Commentary«. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Stephen Booth. 1977. London; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000. 135–573.
Burrow, Colin. »Introduction«. <em>The Complete Sonnets and Poems: The Oxford Shakespeare</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Colin Burrow in Stanley Wells. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Callaghan, Dympna. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007.
De Grazia, Margreta. »The Scandal of Shakespeare’s Sonnets«. <em>Shakespeare Survey</em> 46 (1993): 35–50.
Duncan-Jones, Katherine. »Preface«. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Katherine Duncan-Jones. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1998. xii–xv.
Duncan-Jones, Katherine. »Introduction«. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Katherine Duncan-Jones. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1998. 1–105.
Edmondson, Paul, in Stanley Wells. »Introduction«. <em>All the Sonnets of Shakespeare</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Ur. Paul Edmondson in Stanley Wells. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 1–44.
Edmondson, Paul, in Stanley Wells. <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Greenblatt, Stephen. <em>Will in svet: kako je Shakespeare postal Shakespeare</em>. Prev. Marija Zlatnar Moe. Ljubljana: Beletrina, 2016.
Hammond, Paul. »Reading Shakespeare’s Sonnets«. William Shakespeare, <em>Shakespeare’s Sonnets: An Original-Spelling Text</em>. Ur. Paul Hammond. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Hyland, Peter. <em>An Introduction to Shakespeare’s Poems</em>. Basingstoke; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Jurak, Mirko. »Skrivnosti življenja Shakespearovih sonetov«. <em>William Shakespeare</em>. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1990. 177–208.
Juvan, Marko. <em>Literarna veda v rekonstrukciji: uvod v sodobni študij literature</em>. Ljubljana: Literarno-umetniško društvo Literatura, 2006.
Kingsley-Smith, Jane. <em>The Afterlife of Shakespeare’s Sonnets</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Kos, Janko. »Lirika Shakespearovih sonetov«. <em>Shakespeare pri Slovencih</em>. Ur. France Koblar. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1965. 77–120.
Logar, Tine. »Pomenska odprtost Shakespearovih sonetov«. <em>Soneti</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 2016. 175–176.
Menart, Janez. »O prevajalskem ptičjem mleku«. <em>Prevajanje srednjeveških in renesančnih besedil. 27. zbornik DSKP</em>. Ur. Martina Ožbot. Ljubljana: Društvo slovenskih književnih prevajalcev, 2002. 61–91.
Menart, Janez. »Spremna beseda«. <em>Soneti</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1965. vi–xv.
Menart, Janez. »Opombe«. <em>Soneti</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1965. 172–194.
Morozov, Mihail Mihajlovič. <em>Shakespeare</em>. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Slovenski knjižni zavod, 1952.
Nelles, William. »Sexing Shakespeare’s Sonnets: Reading Beyond Sonnet 20«. <em>English Literary Renaissance</em> 39.1 (2009): 128–140.
Novak, Boris A., ur. <em>Sonet</em>. Ljubljana: DZS, 2004.
Roberts, Sasha. »Shakespeare’s <em>Sonnets</em> and English Sonnet Sequences«. <em>Early Modern English Poetry: A Critical Companion</em>. Ur. Patrick Cheney, Andrew Hadfield in Garrett A. Sullivan, Jr. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 172–183.
Schalkwyk, David. <em>Speech and Performance in Shakespeare’s Sonnets and Plays</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Schoenfeldt, Michael. »The Sonnets«. <em>The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare’s Poetry</em>. Ur. Patrick Cheney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 125–143.
Schoenfeldt, Michael. <em>The Cambridge Introduction to Shakespeare’s Poetry</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Shakespeare, William. »Sonet 151«. Prev. Srečko Fišer. <em>Gledališki list Primorskega dramskega gledališča Nova Gorica</em> 48.2 (2002): 5.
Shakespeare, William. <em>All the Sonnets of Shakespeare</em>. Ur. Paul Edmondson in Stanley Wells. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Shakespeare, William. <em>Soneti</em>. Prev. Janez Menart. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1976.
Shakespeare, William. <em>Soneti</em>. Prev. Srečko Fišer. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 2005.
Shrank, Cathy. »Reading Shakespeare’s <em>Sonnets</em>. John Benson and the 1640 <em>Poems</em>«. <em>Shakespeare</em> 5.3 (2009): 271–291.
Spišiaková, Eva. <em>Queering Translation History: Shakespeare’s Sonnets in Czech and Slovak Transformations</em>. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.
Strojan, Marjan. »Snov prečudna in dragocena«. <em>Pesmi iz iger</em>. Avtor William Shakespeare. Izbor, prev. in spremna besedila Marjan Strojan. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 2016. 161–233.
Škulj, Jola. »The Slovenian Response to Shakespeare’s Sonnets«. <em>William Shakespeare’s Sonnets: For the First Time Globally Reprinted: A Quartercentenary Anthology 1609–2009</em>. Ur. Manfred Pfister in Jürgen Gutsch. Dozwil: Signathur, 2009. 603–611.
Taylor, Gary, in Rory Loughnane. »The Canon and Chronology of Shakespeare’s Work«. <em>The New Oxford Shakespeare: Authorship Companion</em>. Ur. Gary Taylor in Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. 417–602.
Vidmar, Josip. »V rokah življenja«. <em>Shakespeare pri Slovencih</em>. Ur. France Koblar. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1965. 68–76.
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2023-05-14
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