The First “Public” Libraries in Great Britain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/pkn.v44.i2.09Keywords:
library history, public libraries, Great Britain, 16th–19th cent., parish libraries, subscription libraries, circulating librariesAbstract
This article presents the first “public” libraries in Great Britain in the Early Modern Era (sixteenth–nineteenth centuries), before the first truly public libraries appeared in the mid-nineteenth century. Based on critical reading of primary sources and secondary literature, the various forms of libraries are presented and the development of public libraries in the early modern era is sketched. The analysis showed what access the public really had to these libraries, who used them, and what literature they read. Essentially, it was a matter of simultaneous development and mutual influence: it was neither accessible literature nor the public library that developed first, but their relationship was always mutually dependent and proportional. Although the first truly public libraries were the thing of the mid-nineteenth century, the interested public could access libraries in the Early Modern Era.
References
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Brown, Samuel. <em>Some Account of Itinerating Libraries and Their Founder</em>. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1856.
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Carley, J. P., ur. <em>John Leland: De viris illustribus</em>. Toronto; Oxford: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Bodleian, 2010.
<em>Catalogue of new and standard works in circulation at Mudie’s Select Library</em>. London: Mudie’s, 1860.
<em>Catalogue of the Liverpool Library. At the Lyceum, Bold-Street</em>. Liverpool: James Smith, 1814.
<em>Copyright Act: 8 Ann. c. 21</em>. London: House of Commons, 1710.
Credland, William Robert. <em>The Manchester Public Free Libraries. A History and Description, and Guide to Their Contents and Use</em>. Manchester: Public Free Libraries Committee, 1899.
Edwards, Edward. »A Statistical View of the Principal Public Libraries in Europe and the United States of North America«. <em>Journal of the Statistical Society of London</em> 11.3 (1848): 250–281.
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Radcliffe, John, ur. <em>Bibliotheca Chethamensis, sive, Bibliothecae Publicae Mancuniensis ab Humfredo Chetham armigero fundatae catalogi</em>. Manchester: J. Harrop, 1791.
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Wood, Anthony. <em>The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1674.
Wood, Anthony. <em>Athenae Oxonienses. An Exact History of All the Writers and Bishops Who have had their Education in the University of Oxford</em>. London: P. C. and J. Bivington et al., 1813.
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Casson, Lionel. <em>Libraries in the Ancient World</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
Chandler, John H., ur. <em>John Leland’s Itinerary. Travels in Tudor England</em>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd., 1998.
Chartier, Roger, ur. <em>A History of Private Life III. Passions of the Renaissance</em>. Prev. A. Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA; London: Belknap Press, 1989.
Clapinson, Mary. <em>A Brief History of the Bodleian Library</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Condren, Conal. »Public Private and the Idea of the ‘Public Sphere’ in Early-Modern England«. <em>Intellectual History Review</em> 19 (2009): 15–28.
Craster, Edmund H. <em>History of the Bodleian Library</em>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952.
Cressy, David. »Levels of Illiteracy in England, 1530–1730«. <em>The Historical Journal</em> 20.1 (1977): 1–23.
Crews, Kenneth D. »Legal Deposit in Four Countries: Laws and Library Services«. <em>American Association of Law Libraries</em> 80 (1988): 551–576.
Cunningham, Hugh. <em>Time, Work and Leisure. Life Changes in England since 1700</em>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014.
Eco, Umberto. <em>Ime rože</em>. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga; Delo, 2004.
Eberhart, George. <em>The Librarian’s Book of Lists</em>. Chicago, IL: American Library Association, 2010.
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Kaufman, Paul. »English Book Clubs and Their Role in Social History«. <em>Libri</em> 14 (1964): 1–31.
Kaufman, Paul. »The Community Library: A Chapter in English Social History«. <em>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</em> 57.7 (1967): 1–62.
Kelly, Thomas. <em>Early Public Libraries. A History of Public Libraries in Great Britain before 1850</em>. London: Library Association, 1966.
Kelly, Thomas. <em>Books for the people. An illustrated history of the British public library</em>. London: Andre Deutsch, 1977.
Lake, Peter, in Steve Pincus. »Rethinking the Public Sphere in Early Modern England«. <em>Journal of British Studies</em> 45.2 (2006): 270–292.
Manley, K. A. »The London and Westminster Libraries, 1785–1823«. <em>The Library</em> 6 (1985): 137–159.
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<em>Catalogue of the Liverpool Library. At the Lyceum, Bold-Street</em>. Liverpool: James Smith, 1814.
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Edwards, Edward. <em>Three Reports on the Origin, Formation, and First Year’s Working of the Manchester Free Library with an Introduction on the results and the defects of the Public Libraries Act of 1850</em>. Manchester: Manchester Free Library, 1853.
<em>Ewart Report. Reports from the Select Committee on Public Libraries</em>. London: Hansard, 1849.
Fuller, Thomas. <em>The Church-History of Britain from the birth of Jesus Christ until the year M.DC.XLVIII</em>. London: John Williams, 1655.
Greenwood, Thomas. <em>Free Public Libraries. Their Organisation, Uses, and Management</em>. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Company, 1886.
Hansard, T. C. <em>Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates</em>. Vol. XXX. London: Baldwin and Craddock et al., 1835.
<em>Illustrated London News</em>. London, 11. september 1852.
James, Thomas. <em>Catalogus librorum bibliothecae publicae</em>. Oxford: Josephus Barnesius, 1605.
James, Thomas. <em>Catalogus universalis librorum in bibliotheca Bodleiana</em>. Oxford: Johannes Lichfield & Jacobus Short, 1620.
Johnson, Samuel. <em>A Dictionary of the English Language</em>. London: J. & P. Knapton et al., 1755.
Kanič, Ivan. <em>Angleško-slovenski slovar bibliotekarske terminologije</em>. Ljubljana: Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, 2002.
Kirkwood, James. <em>An Overture for Establishing of Bibliothecks in Every Paroch Throughout this Kingdom</em>. Edinburgh: James Kirkwood, 1699.
Kirkwood, James. <em>A Copy of a Letter Anent a Project for Erecting a Library in every Presbytery, or at least every County in the Highlands</em>. Edinburgh: George Mosman, 1702.
Lackington, James. <em>Memoirs of the Forty-Five First Years of the Life of James Lackington, Bookseller</em>. London: Hunt & Clarke, 1830.
Leland, John. <em>New Year’s Gift</em>. London: John Bale, 1549.
Loggan, David. <em>Oxonia Ilustrata. Bibbliotheca Bodleianae Oxoniae Prospectus Interior ab Occident</em>. Oxford: Robert White, 1675.
<em>Ordonnance de Montpellier 1539: Ampliation sur les ordonnances de la police de la ville de Paris necessaire de sçavoir a tous manans et habitans de ladicte ville. Publie a son de trompes, le septiesme jour de febvrier l’an mil cinq cens trente neuf</em>. Paris: Jacques Nyverd, 1540.
<em>Public Libraries Act: 13 & 14 Vict., c. 65</em>. London: House of Commons, 1850.
Radcliffe, John, ur. <em>Bibliotheca Chethamensis, sive, Bibliothecae Publicae Mancuniensis ab Humfredo Chetham armigero fundatae catalogi</em>. Manchester: J. Harrop, 1791.
<em>Report of Her Majesty’s Commissioners</em>. London: House of Commons, 1854–55.
<em>The Athenaeum Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, for the Year 1849</em>. London: James Holmes, 1849.
Wood, Anthony. <em>The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1674.
Wood, Anthony. <em>Athenae Oxonienses. An Exact History of All the Writers and Bishops Who have had their Education in the University of Oxford</em>. London: P. C. and J. Bivington et al., 1813.
LITERATURA
Anderson, Benedict. <em>Zamišljene skupnosti. O izvoru in širjenju nacionalizma</em>. Ljubljana: Studia humanitatis, 2007.
Brown-Syed, Christopher. »The Love of Books: The Philobiblon of Richard De Bury«. <em>Library & Archival Security</em> 19 (2004): 76–81.
Carpenter, Michael. »Catalogs and Cataloging«. <em>Encyclopedia of Library History</em>. Ur. Wayne A. Wiegand in Donald G. Davis. New York, NY; London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1994. 107–117.
Casson, Lionel. <em>Libraries in the Ancient World</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
Chandler, John H., ur. <em>John Leland’s Itinerary. Travels in Tudor England</em>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd., 1998.
Chartier, Roger, ur. <em>A History of Private Life III. Passions of the Renaissance</em>. Prev. A. Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA; London: Belknap Press, 1989.
Clapinson, Mary. <em>A Brief History of the Bodleian Library</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Condren, Conal. »Public Private and the Idea of the ‘Public Sphere’ in Early-Modern England«. <em>Intellectual History Review</em> 19 (2009): 15–28.
Craster, Edmund H. <em>History of the Bodleian Library</em>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952.
Cressy, David. »Levels of Illiteracy in England, 1530–1730«. <em>The Historical Journal</em> 20.1 (1977): 1–23.
Crews, Kenneth D. »Legal Deposit in Four Countries: Laws and Library Services«. <em>American Association of Law Libraries</em> 80 (1988): 551–576.
Cunningham, Hugh. <em>Time, Work and Leisure. Life Changes in England since 1700</em>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014.
Eco, Umberto. <em>Ime rože</em>. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga; Delo, 2004.
Eberhart, George. <em>The Librarian’s Book of Lists</em>. Chicago, IL: American Library Association, 2010.
Fehrenbach, Robert J. <em>Private Libraries in Renaissance England</em>. Binghamton, NY: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1992.
Fox, Peter, ur. <em>Cambridge University Library. The Great Collections</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Habermas, Jürgen. <em>Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft</em>. Neuwied; Berlin: Luchterhand, 1962.
Hamby, Paul, in Ira Najowitz. »The Public Libraries Act of 1850: Utilitarian Pragmatism and Idealist Humanitarianism in Action«. <em>Public & Access Services Quarterly</em> 2.4 (1999): 73–88.
Hareven, Tamara K. »Family Time and Historical Time«. <em>Daedalus</em> 106.2 (1977): 57–70.
Hunt, Lynn. <em>Iznajdevanje človekovih pravic. Zgodovina</em>. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, 2015.
Irwin, Raymond. <em>Heritage of the English Library</em>. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1964.
Irwin, Raymond. <em>The English Library</em>. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966.
Jayne, Sears. <em>Library Catalogues of the English Renaissance</em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1956.
Johnson, Alex. <em>Improbable Libraries. A Visual Journey to the World’s Most Unusual Libraries</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
Kaufman, Paul. »The Eighteenth-Century Forerunner of the London Library«. <em>The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America</em> 54 (1960): 89–100.
Kaufman, Paul. »Community Lending Libraries in Eighteenth-Century Ireland and Wales«. <em>The Library Quarterly. Information, Community, Policy</em> 33.4 (1963): 299–312.
Kaufman, Paul. »Reading Vogues at English Cathedral Libraries of the Eighteenth Century«. <em>Bulletin of the N. Y. Public Library</em> 67 (1963): 643–672 (Part I); 68 (1964): 48–64 (Part II).
Kaufman, Paul. »English Book Clubs and Their Role in Social History«. <em>Libri</em> 14 (1964): 1–31.
Kaufman, Paul. »The Community Library: A Chapter in English Social History«. <em>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</em> 57.7 (1967): 1–62.
Kelly, Thomas. <em>Early Public Libraries. A History of Public Libraries in Great Britain before 1850</em>. London: Library Association, 1966.
Kelly, Thomas. <em>Books for the people. An illustrated history of the British public library</em>. London: Andre Deutsch, 1977.
Lake, Peter, in Steve Pincus. »Rethinking the Public Sphere in Early Modern England«. <em>Journal of British Studies</em> 45.2 (2006): 270–292.
Manley, K. A. »The London and Westminster Libraries, 1785–1823«. <em>The Library</em> 6 (1985): 137–159.
Manley, K. A. »Scottish Circulating and Subscription Libraries as Community Libraries«. <em>Library History</em> 19.3 (2003): 185–194.
McCulloch, Samuel C. »The Importance of Dr. Thomas Bray’s Bibliotheca Parochialis«. <em>Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church</em> 15.1 (1946): 50–59.
McLuhan, Marshall. <em>The Gutenberg Galaxy. The Making of Typographic Man</em>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962.
McMenemy, David. <em>The Public Library</em>. London: Facet Publishing, 2009.
Minto, John. <em>A History of the Public Library Movement in Great Britain and Ireland</em>. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1932.
Molino, Paola. »World Bibliographies: Libraries and the Reorganization of Knowledge in Late Renaissance Europe«. <em>Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices. A Global Comparative Approach</em>. Ur. Anthony Grafton in Glenn W. Most. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. 299–322.
Moretti, Franco. »Conjectures on World Literature«. <em>New Left Review</em> 1 (2000): 54–68.
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