Prve »javne« knjižnice v Veliki Britaniji

Avtorji

  • Izidor Janžekovič

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3986/pkn.v44.i2.09

Ključne besede:

zgodovina knjižnic, javne knjižnice, Velika Britanija, 16.–19. stol., župnijske knjižnice, knjižnice s članarino, izposojevalne knjižnice

Povzetek

Razprava obravnava prve »javne« knjižnice v Veliki Britaniji v zgodnjem novem veku (16.–19. stoletje) pred prvim pojavom pravih javnih knjižnic sredi 19. stoletja. Na podlagi kritičnega pregleda primarnih virov in sekundarne literature je predstavljen razvoj »javnih« knjižnic v zgodnjem novem veku. Avtor pokaže, kakšen je bil dostop javnosti do knjig v različnih tipih knjižnic, kdo je uporabljal te knjižnice in kakšno literaturo so brali v raznovrstnih knjižnicah. V bistvu je šlo za sočasen razvoj in vpliv: ni se najprej razvila dostopna literatura ali javna knjižnica, ampak je bil njun odnos vedno medsebojno pogojen in sorazmeren. Več poljudne literature je vodilo do večjega zanimanja za branje v javnosti in več javnih knjižnic ter obratno. Čeprav so prve prave javne knjižnice stvar sredine 19. stoletja, je zainteresirana pismena javnost tudi v srednjem in zgodnjem novem veku imela dostop do knjižnic in knjig. Problem je bil »interes« večinsko nepismene javnosti pred industrijsko revolucijo, ko tudi zaradi subsistenčne ekonomije ni bilo dovolj časa za »prostočasne« aktivnosti.

Literatura

VIRI

Bacon, Francis. <em>The Works of Francis Bacon</em>. Vol. X. London: Longmans and Co., 1865.

Bertius, Pierre. <em>Nomenclator autorum omnium, etc</em>. Leiden: F. Raphelengius, 1595.

Bray, Thomas. <em>An Essay Towards Promoting All Necessary and Useful Knowledge, Both Divine and Human, in All the Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions, Both at Home and Abroad</em>. London: E. Holt, 1697.

Bray, Thomas. <em>Bibliotheca Parochialis. Or, a Scheme of such Heads both General and Particular as are More peculiarly Requisite to be well Studied by every Pastor of a Parish</em>. London: Robert Clavel, 1698.

Bray, Thomas. <em>Proposals For the Incouragement and Promoting of Religion and Learning in the Foreign Plantations. And to Induce such of the Clergy of this Kingdom, as are Persons of Sobriety and Abilities, to accept of a Mission into those Parts</em>. London: Thomas Lawrence, 1701.

Bray, Thomas. <em>Bibliothecae Americanae Quadripartitae viz: I. Generales, Sive Bibliotheca Regia Annopolitana; II. Provinciales; III. Decanales; IV. Parochiales, or Catalogues of the Libraries sent into the Severall Provinces of America</em>. London: MS at Sion College, 1702.

Bray, Thomas. <em>Brief Account of the Life</em>. London: W. Roberts, 1728.

Brown, Samuel. <em>Some Account of Itinerating Libraries and Their Founder</em>. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1856.

Buckingham, James. <em>Evidence on Drunkenness, Presented to the House of Commons, by the Select Committee Appointed by the House to Inquire into this Subject, and Report the Minutes of Evidence, with their Opinions thereupon</em>. London: D. Martin, 1834.

Bury, Richard de. <em>Philobiblon</em>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1970.

Carley, J. P., ur. <em>John Leland: De viris illustribus</em>. Toronto; Oxford: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Bodleian, 2010.

<em>Catalogue of new and standard works in circulation at Mudie’s Select Library</em>. London: Mudie’s, 1860.

<em>Catalogue of the Liverpool Library. At the Lyceum, Bold-Street</em>. Liverpool: James Smith, 1814.

<em>Copyright Act: 8 Ann. c. 21</em>. London: House of Commons, 1710.

Credland, William Robert. <em>The Manchester Public Free Libraries. A History and Description, and Guide to Their Contents and Use</em>. Manchester: Public Free Libraries Committee, 1899.

Edwards, Edward. »A Statistical View of the Principal Public Libraries in Europe and the United States of North America«. <em>Journal of the Statistical Society of London</em> 11.3 (1848): 250–281.

Edwards, Edward. <em>Memoirs of Libraries</em>. 2 zv. London: Trübner and Co., 1859.

Edwards, Edward. <em>Three Reports on the Origin, Formation, and First Year’s Working of the Manchester Free Library with an Introduction on the results and the defects of the Public Libraries Act of 1850</em>. Manchester: Manchester Free Library, 1853.

<em>Ewart Report. Reports from the Select Committee on Public Libraries</em>. London: Hansard, 1849.

Fuller, Thomas. <em>The Church-History of Britain from the birth of Jesus Christ until the year M.DC.XLVIII</em>. London: John Williams, 1655.

Greenwood, Thomas. <em>Free Public Libraries. Their Organisation, Uses, and Management</em>. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Company, 1886.

Hansard, T. C. <em>Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates</em>. Vol. XXX. London: Baldwin and Craddock et al., 1835.

<em>Illustrated London News</em>. London, 11. september 1852.

James, Thomas. <em>Catalogus librorum bibliothecae publicae</em>. Oxford: Josephus Barnesius, 1605.

James, Thomas. <em>Catalogus universalis librorum in bibliotheca Bodleiana</em>. Oxford: Johannes Lichfield & Jacobus Short, 1620.

Johnson, Samuel. <em>A Dictionary of the English Language</em>. London: J. & P. Knapton et al., 1755.

Kanič, Ivan. <em>Angleško-slovenski slovar bibliotekarske terminologije</em>. Ljubljana: Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, 2002.

Kirkwood, James. <em>An Overture for Establishing of Bibliothecks in Every Paroch Throughout this Kingdom</em>. Edinburgh: James Kirkwood, 1699.

Kirkwood, James. <em>A Copy of a Letter Anent a Project for Erecting a Library in every Presbytery, or at least every County in the Highlands</em>. Edinburgh: George Mosman, 1702.

Lackington, James. <em>Memoirs of the Forty-Five First Years of the Life of James Lackington, Bookseller</em>. London: Hunt & Clarke, 1830.

Leland, John. <em>New Year’s Gift</em>. London: John Bale, 1549.

Loggan, David. <em>Oxonia Ilustrata. Bibbliotheca Bodleianae Oxoniae Prospectus Interior ab Occident</em>. Oxford: Robert White, 1675.

<em>Ordonnance de Montpellier 1539: Ampliation sur les ordonnances de la police de la ville de Paris necessaire de sçavoir a tous manans et habitans de ladicte ville. Publie a son de trompes, le septiesme jour de febvrier l’an mil cinq cens trente neuf</em>. Paris: Jacques Nyverd, 1540.

<em>Public Libraries Act: 13 & 14 Vict., c. 65</em>. London: House of Commons, 1850.

Radcliffe, John, ur. <em>Bibliotheca Chethamensis, sive, Bibliothecae Publicae Mancuniensis ab Humfredo Chetham armigero fundatae catalogi</em>. Manchester: J. Harrop, 1791.

<em>Report of Her Majesty’s Commissioners</em>. London: House of Commons, 1854–55.

<em>The Athenaeum Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, for the Year 1849</em>. London: James Holmes, 1849.

Wood, Anthony. <em>The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1674.

Wood, Anthony. <em>Athenae Oxonienses. An Exact History of All the Writers and Bishops Who have had their Education in the University of Oxford</em>. London: P. C. and J. Bivington et al., 1813.

LITERATURA

Anderson, Benedict. <em>Zamišljene skupnosti. O izvoru in širjenju nacionalizma</em>. Ljubljana: Studia humanitatis, 2007.

Brown-Syed, Christopher. »The Love of Books: The Philobiblon of Richard De Bury«. <em>Library & Archival Security</em> 19 (2004): 76–81.

Carpenter, Michael. »Catalogs and Cataloging«. <em>Encyclopedia of Library History</em>. Ur. Wayne A. Wiegand in Donald G. Davis. New York, NY; London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1994. 107–117.

Casson, Lionel. <em>Libraries in the Ancient World</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.

Chandler, John H., ur. <em>John Leland’s Itinerary. Travels in Tudor England</em>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd., 1998.

Chartier, Roger, ur. <em>A History of Private Life III. Passions of the Renaissance</em>. Prev. A. Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA; London: Belknap Press, 1989.

Clapinson, Mary. <em>A Brief History of the Bodleian Library</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Condren, Conal. »Public Private and the Idea of the ‘Public Sphere’ in Early-Modern England«. <em>Intellectual History Review</em> 19 (2009): 15–28.

Craster, Edmund H. <em>History of the Bodleian Library</em>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952.

Cressy, David. »Levels of Illiteracy in England, 1530–1730«. <em>The Historical Journal</em> 20.1 (1977): 1–23.

Crews, Kenneth D. »Legal Deposit in Four Countries: Laws and Library Services«. <em>American Association of Law Libraries</em> 80 (1988): 551–576.

Cunningham, Hugh. <em>Time, Work and Leisure. Life Changes in England since 1700</em>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014.

Eco, Umberto. <em>Ime rože</em>. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga; Delo, 2004.

Eberhart, George. <em>The Librarian’s Book of Lists</em>. Chicago, IL: American Library Association, 2010.

Fehrenbach, Robert J. <em>Private Libraries in Renaissance England</em>. Binghamton, NY: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1992.

Fox, Peter, ur. <em>Cambridge University Library. The Great Collections</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Habermas, Jürgen. <em>Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft</em>. Neuwied; Berlin: Luchterhand, 1962.

Hamby, Paul, in Ira Najowitz. »The Public Libraries Act of 1850: Utilitarian Pragmatism and Idealist Humanitarianism in Action«. <em>Public & Access Services Quarterly</em> 2.4 (1999): 73–88.

Hareven, Tamara K. »Family Time and Historical Time«. <em>Daedalus</em> 106.2 (1977): 57–70.

Hunt, Lynn. <em>Iznajdevanje človekovih pravic. Zgodovina</em>. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, 2015.

Irwin, Raymond. <em>Heritage of the English Library</em>. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1964.

Irwin, Raymond. <em>The English Library</em>. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966.

Jayne, Sears. <em>Library Catalogues of the English Renaissance</em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1956.

Johnson, Alex. <em>Improbable Libraries. A Visual Journey to the World’s Most Unusual Libraries</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

Kaufman, Paul. »The Eighteenth-Century Forerunner of the London Library«. <em>The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America</em> 54 (1960): 89–100.

Kaufman, Paul. »Community Lending Libraries in Eighteenth-Century Ireland and Wales«. <em>The Library Quarterly. Information, Community, Policy</em> 33.4 (1963): 299–312.

Kaufman, Paul. »Reading Vogues at English Cathedral Libraries of the Eighteenth Century«. <em>Bulletin of the N. Y. Public Library</em> 67 (1963): 643–672 (Part I); 68 (1964): 48–64 (Part II).

Kaufman, Paul. »English Book Clubs and Their Role in Social History«. <em>Libri</em> 14 (1964): 1–31.

Kaufman, Paul. »The Community Library: A Chapter in English Social History«. <em>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</em> 57.7 (1967): 1–62.

Kelly, Thomas. <em>Early Public Libraries. A History of Public Libraries in Great Britain before 1850</em>. London: Library Association, 1966.

Kelly, Thomas. <em>Books for the people. An illustrated history of the British public library</em>. London: Andre Deutsch, 1977.

Lake, Peter, in Steve Pincus. »Rethinking the Public Sphere in Early Modern England«. <em>Journal of British Studies</em> 45.2 (2006): 270–292.

Manley, K. A. »The London and Westminster Libraries, 1785–1823«. <em>The Library</em> 6 (1985): 137–159.

Manley, K. A. »Scottish Circulating and Subscription Libraries as Community Libraries«. <em>Library History</em> 19.3 (2003): 185–194.

McCulloch, Samuel C. »The Importance of Dr. Thomas Bray’s Bibliotheca Parochialis«. <em>Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church</em> 15.1 (1946): 50–59.

McLuhan, Marshall. <em>The Gutenberg Galaxy. The Making of Typographic Man</em>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962.

McMenemy, David. <em>The Public Library</em>. London: Facet Publishing, 2009.

Minto, John. <em>A History of the Public Library Movement in Great Britain and Ireland</em>. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1932.

Molino, Paola. »World Bibliographies: Libraries and the Reorganization of Knowledge in Late Renaissance Europe«. <em>Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices. A Global Comparative Approach</em>. Ur. Anthony Grafton in Glenn W. Most. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. 299–322.

Moretti, Franco. »Conjectures on World Literature«. <em>New Left Review</em> 1 (2000): 54–68.

Munford, William A. <em>Edward Edwards. Portrait of a Librarian, 1812–1886</em>. London: Library Association, 1963.

Myers, Robin, in Michael Harris, ur. <em>Stationers’ Company and the Book Trade 1550–1990</em>. Winchester: St Paul’s Bibliographies, 1997.

Nethersole, Reingard. »World Literature and the Library«. <em>The Routledge Companion to World Literature</em>. Ur. Theo D’haen, David Damrosch in Djelal Kadir. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012. 307–315.

Neuhofer, Dorothy M. <em>In the Benedictine Tradition. The Origins and Early Development of Two College Libraries</em>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999.

Nicholls, Robert. <em>Curiosities of Greater Manchester</em>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2004.

Norris, Dorothy M. <em>A History of Cataloguing and Cataloguing Methods 1100–1850. With an Introductory Survey of Ancient Times</em>. London: Grafton & Company, 1939.

Oates, John C. T. <em>Cambridge University Library. A History from the Beginnings to the Copyright Act of Queen Anne</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Passet, Joanne E. »Historiography of Library History«. <em>Encyclopaedia of Library History</em>. New York, NY; London: Garland Publishing, 1994. 260–262.

Piesse, A. J., ur. <em>Sixteenth-Century Identities</em>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.

Putnam, George H. <em>Books and their Makers during the Middle Ages</em>. New York, NY; London: G. P. Putnam, 1897.

Roberts, Lewis. <em>Trafficking in Literary Authority. Mudie’s Select Library and the Commodification of the Victorian Novel</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Saenger, Paul. »Silent Reading: Its Impact on Late Medieval Script and Society«. <em>Viator</em> 13 (1982): 367–414.

Shrank, Cathy. <em>Writing the Nation in Reformation England 1530–1580</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Steiner, Bernard C. »Rev. Thomas Bray and his American Libraries«. <em>The American Historical Review</em> 2.1 (1896): 59–75.

Stephens, W. B. »Literacy in England, Scotland, and Wales, 1500–1900«. <em>History of Education Quarterly</em> 30.4 (1990): 545–571.

Stone, Lawrence. »Literacy and Education in England, 1640–1900«. <em>Past and Present</em> 42 (1969): 69–139.

Taylor, Simon, Matthew Whitfield in Susie Barson. <em>The English Public Library 1850–1939</em>. London: Historic England, 2016.

Velagić, Zoran. »Reading Aloud: Between Oral and Literate Communication«. <em>Friars, Nobles and Burghers – Sermons, Images and Prints. Studies of Culture and Society in Early-Modern Europe, in Memoriam István György Tóth</em>. Ur. Jaroslav Miller in László Kontler. Budimpešta: Central European University Press, 2010. 379–387.

Venkat Mani, Bala. »Bibliomigrantstvo: Knjižna zbirka in ustvarjanje svetovne literature«. <em>Svetovne književnosti in obrobja</em>. Ur. Marko Juvan. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, 2012. 41–58.

Vickers, Kenneth H. <em>Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. A Biography</em>. London: A. Constable and Company, 1907.

Yeo, Matthew. <em>The Acquisition of Books by Chetham’s Library, 1655–1700</em>. Leiden: Brill, 2011.

Youings, Joyce A. <em>The Dissolution of the Monasteries</em>. London: Allen and Unwin, 1971.

Prenosi

Objavljeno

2021-06-29

Številka

Rubrike

Razprave